Articles published in IJEER


ASIC Implementation of DMA Controller

Direct Memory Access is a method of transferring data between peripherals and memory without using the CPU. It is designed to improve system performance by allowing external devices to directly transfer information from the system memory. We generally use asynchronous type of DMA as they respond directly to input. The DMA controller issues signals to the peripheral device and main memory to execute read and write commands. In this paper DMA controller was designed using Verilog HDL and simulated in Cadence NC Launch. The design was synthesized using low power constraints. Through this design we have decreased the power consumption to 69%.

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On-Chip AMBA Bus Based Efficient Bridge between High Performance and Low Peripheral Devices

Today’s scenario of SOC deals with integrity and sharing of information or data with various level of communication. AMBA bus protocol has been proposed by ARM community to justify the uneven demand of integrity .In this paper functional description and implementation of high peripheral devices supporting protocol AXI2.0 and its interface between low peripheral devices has been proposed. The connection named as bridge take care of the protocol mismatch and operates on data transfer for uneven speed demand. Asynchronous FIFO has been considered to avoid the complex handshaking mechanism. The design has been implemented within VHDL and implemented on Xilinx Virtex 4.

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Double Pumping Low Power Technique for Coarse - Grained Reconfigurable Architecture

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) require many processing elements (PEs) and a con- figuration memory unit (configuration cache) for reconfiguration of its PE array. Though this architecture is meant for high performance and flexibility. Power reduction is very crucial for CGRA to be more competitive and reliable processing core in embedded systems. We propose a DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) architecture to reduce power-overhead caused by reconfiguration. The power reduction can be achieved by using the characteristics like double pumping the data bus and an I/O buffer between the memory and the data bus of DDR SDRAM. All modules have been designed at behavioral level with VHDL coding and to Simulate in Xilinx ISE navigator.

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Design of RF Energy Harvesting Circuit for Low Power Devices

Radio frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to power the next generation wireless networks. The RF energy harvesting system was designed to convert the RF energy available in the atmosphere into useful electrical energy which can be used to charge a battery of capacity 50 uAh. This battery requires a voltage in the range of 4- 4.2V to get itself charged. In this paper we have designed and simulated a Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting circuit which utilized available RF energy with the voltage boosting circuit. Simulation results represents that by using matching network of high-Q, output voltage of harvesting circuit increases and it becomes more sensitive with respect to input signal frequency and value of elements used.

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Spectrum Sensing of Cognitive Radio – A Survey

Cognitive radio is emerging as one of the most promising aspects regarding the efficient usage of the radio spectrum and also on a non-interference basis. However the most challenging part is the effective detection of primary users (PUs). Nowadays there are a lot of threats from attackers who use techniques like data falsification, primary user emulations to cause harm to the users, so we need to address them with proper and efficient solutions. So in this survey we address the various threats and the challenges faced in cognitive radio environments and also we are here to discuss the various sampling techniques that could be used for the purpose of proper detection.

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Bandwidth Improvement of RMPA using DGS

In this research paper we proposed a new DGS design to improve the bandwidth of RMPA designed for 2.2GHz operating frequency. In this paper, author proposed a RMPA with DGS to enhance its parameters and mainly bandwidth and directivity of the antenna. To achieve a very important bandwidth and directivity enhancement author proposed a table shaped unsymmetrical DGS in the ground plane. This unsymmetrical DGS on the other side of the patch increases the fringing field which consequently increased the parasitic capacitance. This coupling of patch and ground made the bandwidth and directivity enhanced from the RMPA without DGS.

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Vehicle Simulator: Virtual Trip Runner (VTR)/ Real Time Recorder (RTR)

This topic is an attempt to develop an open source vehicle simulator for use by anyone needing realistic vehicle data delivered as it would be in a real vehicle. As you probably know, most vehicles nowadays have an On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) connector which is wired up to the car’s internal computer. It is used in many garages where the mechanic can probe the car through the OBD connector and read out parameters onto a display. In an Internet of Things (IoT ) world where the car can be easily connected to the Internet (perhaps via Bluetooth to a smart phone), it could automatically search an online knowledge base and not only report a fault code but also let you know the most likely cause either based on the car’s personal history or on the environment (an expert system could conclude “it is minus 15 degrees Celsius outside, and there is a water leak, and it is likely to be a cracked hose due to the cold temperature – and there was a manufacturer recall notice concerning this hose”). There will be whole sectors of applications such as, safer driver operation of the vehicle, fewer distractions, more automation, safer mechanical performance, better & more timely maintenance warnings, lower cost operation and lower maintenance costs.

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Design of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Proximity Coupled Technique

Author have studied various design techniques to design multiband patch antenna. Proximity coupled technique was found more suitable and efficient to design a multiband antenna. This proposed designed antenna is able to operate in two distinguished frequency that means proposed antenna is a dual band antenna with large bandwidth and high directivity. This proposed design contains a defected ground, a rectangular patch and a meandered feed, which is designed to connect a SMA connector. Designed antenna is a 3 layer device having higher radiation intensity at 1.96 and 2.6GHz.

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Modification of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Veselago Media

This research article is a result of a keen literature review. Author gone through various techniques to modify the patch antenna parameters and found implementing veselago media is best among other techniques. In this research paper a MPA was designed on the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz and after that veselago media was implemented to modify its result and found a marvelous change in the simulated result of the MPA. Previously return loss, bandwidth, directivity was found -11dB, 39MHz and 5.698dBi respectively. After implementing the veselago media result achieved are -30dB, 55.5MHz and 6.645dBi respectively.

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Enhancement in RMPA Parameters by Rhombus Connected With Circle Meta Material Structure Using at 1.9 GHz

Author proposed a new design of meta-material to provide advancement into the factors of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) “Enhancement in RMPA parameters Rhombus Connected With Circle Meta material structure high using at 1.9GHz” As a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed at a height of 1.6mm & Left handed Meta material structure is designed at a height of 3.2mm from the ground plane by using CST-MWS software. The resonance frequency 1.9GHz of the designed antenna is using as a high frequency. This paper mainly worked on return loss. The Return loss of the proposed antenna reduced to -31,16dB & bandwidth is increased up to 41.9MHz. This antenna is small size, cheap, compact and easy to fabricate, and achieve good radiation characteristics with higher return loss. In this paper return loss basically defined as system becomes stable with reduced return loss.

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Designing of Meandered Antenna for Biomedical Application

A spiral meandered antenna is designed, simulated and presented in this research paper. After a keen literature survey it has found that the operating range for the biomedical application is 0.4 to 1.5GHz. In this range 0.402 to 0.405GHz is fixed for the medical implant and 1 to 1.5GHz is the range for breast cancer treatment. Hyperthermia is a major technique to cure breast cancer; it is used to enhance the temperature of cancerous cell with the help of microstrip antennas. Meandered antenna is small in size and having a better return loss than other comparative microstrip antennas.

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Review Paper on Placement Algorithms

Placement is a step considered after floor planning in FPGA flow in ASIC. It defines the location of logic cells within functional blocks and to minimize the routing length. We adjust the logic cells in this way so that minimum interconnect length, area and density are used. In this paper we will discuss some of methods of placement of logic cells.

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Analysis of Intra-body Communication Measurement in Biomedical Applications

The main objective of the paper is to characterize the concept of intra-body communication that allows electric signal to flow through human body. Various experiments are performed in order to verify how it is influenced under different conditions. The methodology used for this purpose is galvanic coupling method. The model is been implemented on ARM processor to measure heart rate and temperature of the human body. Measurements are carried out analyzing various IBC parameters such as size of electrodes, distance between transmitter and receiver, different environment and grounding. Practical conclusions are obtained thus analyzing the IBC performance. The system gives better performance as the data is transmitted in the form of packets. This provides secure and enhanced communication as compared to the existing systems.

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Brain Tumor Detection Using Texture Characterisation and Classification Based on the Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix

Detection of brain tumour is very important current scenario of the health care society. Image processing techniques are used to extract the abnormal tumour portion and other features in the brain. Brain tumor is an abnormal mass of lesson in which cells grow up and multiply uncontrollably, apparently unregulated by the mechanisms that control cells. Several techniques like Segmentation, morphological have been developed for detection of tumor in the brain. Texture is a critical feature of several image types and textural features have a lot of application in image processing, content-based image retrieval and so on. There are several ways of extracting these features and the most common way is by using a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). In our proposed work Texture characterisation has been made to obtain the Haralick features and SVM classifier is used in the Texture classification algorithm which used in detecting the brain tumor. This technique has been tested for 45 images, true positives are 33, True negative is 1, false positive is 1, and True negatives are 10. Sensitivity 97.0%, Specificity 90.9%, Precision or Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 97.0%,Negative Predictive Value (NPV)90.9%, Accuracy 95.0%.

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Analysis of MIMO OFDM in different Bonds rate of QAM, BPSK, QPSK

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a famous technique for high information rate remote transmission. OFDM might be joined with antenna arrays at the transmitter and recipient to expand the differences pick up and/or to upgrade the framework limit on time-variant and frequency-specific channels, resulting in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) arrangement. In this paper we are introducing MIMO-OFDM. We measured the performance of different modulation techniques with respect to BER and SNR. We compare the results and conclude that in the case of even power, bit error rate is lower as compare to odd power.

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Comparison of Voltage Swell Characteristics in Power Distribution System

In the present world with the growing demand of electricity the quality of voltage becoming a vital problem. Voltage swell is one of the short term voltage disturbances that occur frequently in power distribution system. Voltage swell characterization is an important, because power quality analysis, troubleshooting, diagnosis, and mitigation policy could be carried out only after characterizing the voltage swells. The magnitude, duration, and phase-angle jump are the essential characteristics of voltage swell are considered in this work. In this paper, MATLAB/SIMULINK with SimPower System is used to simulate the proposed system to show the comparative performance of significant characteristics of voltage swells under power distribution system fault, energizing a capacitor bank and sudden switching off a heavy linear and nonlinear load.

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Comparison and Performance Evaluation of Low Pass Filter Design for various samples using Artificial Neural Network

To design any type of filters complex calculation is needed. But with the help of window method, it become simple. In this paper a Low pass filter is designed by window method with the help of Artificial Neural Network. Here, Hann window and Blackman window is used to design filter and Feed Forward Back Propagation algorithm has been taken for neural network. In this paper different data sets for cut off frequency are consider for training and testing purpose to get best results.

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Comparison and Performance Evaluation on Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application

This paper present a comparative study between two works proposed for microstrip patch antenna dual band operations. The comparison is made between a dual-band planar antenna with a compact radiator for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications and a printed circular microstrip patch antenna with a four rectangular shape strip and co planar rectangular ground plane antenna. The comparative analysis between these two antennas consist of following parameters such as dimensions, bandwidth, gain, return loss, directivity etc.

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Optimized System Level Hardware Realization of Built-in-Self-Test Approach for Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter

System-level modeling is generally needed due to simultaneous increase in design complexity with multi-million gate designs in today’s system-on-chips (SoCs). System C is generally applied to system-level modeling of Sigma-Delta ADC. CORDIC technique and test generation for the testing of mixed signal circuit components such as analog-to-digital converter is mostly implemented in system level modeling. This work focuses on developing fast and yet accurate model of BIST approach for Sigma-Delta ADC. The Sigma-Delta modulator’s ADC static parameters as well as dynamic parameters are degraded. One of the dynamic parameters, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is directly obtained by the SIMSIDES (MATLAB SIMULINK tool). Then, the obtained parameters are tested by using Built-in-self-test that is desirable for the VLSI system in order to reduce the non-recurring cost (NRE) per chip by the manufacturer. This paper demonstrates a possibility to realize a simulation of testing strategy of high-resolution Sigma-Delta modulator using MATLAB SIMULINK and Xilinx EDA tool environment. This work also contributes towards the Output Response Analyzer (ORA) being used for testing parameters which help in reducing the difficulties in design of the complete ORA circuit. Moreover, the reusable features of hardware in the computation of different parameters are also improved in the ORA design.

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Enhanced Image Inpainting in Remotely Sensed Images by Optimizing NLTV model by Ant Colony Optimization

Filling dead pixels or eliminating unwanted things is typically preferred within the applications of remotely sensed images. In proposed article, a competent image imprinting technique is demonstrated to resolve this drawback, relied nonlocal total variation. Initially remotely sensed images are effected by ill posed inverse problems i.e. image destripping, image de-noising etc. So it is required to use regularization technique to makes these problems well posed i.e. NLTV method, which is the combination of nonlocal operators and total variation model. Actually this method can make use of the good features of non-local operators for textured images and total variation method in edge preserving for color images. To optimize the proposed variation model, an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is used in order to get similarity with the original image. And evaluate the outcomes of proposed technique with the existing technique i.e. MNLTV optimized by Bregmanized-operator-splitting algorithm which is a prediction based method. The investigation of all outcomes confirms the efficacy of this rule.

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Comparison of HNN and Ga Based Hybrid Algorithm for Standard Cell Placement in VLSI Design

This research contracts with the notion of hybridization and reports use of hybridizing on GA and HNN. GA and HNN were individually applied to resolve the SCP [3, 4, 5]. In first section we used GA and HNN independently to solve Standard Cell Problem. In the second section we present a new hybrid of GA and HNN. In the last section of the paper we compare the results of hybrid system of GA and HNN with independent result of GA and HNN in respect of wire length and CPU time.

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Energy Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network using Flower Pollination Algorithm

Main ambition of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to exploit network lifetime and stability periods. Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) is uses to elect the cluster head (CH) in set up phase of WSN such that the intra cluster average distance between the member nodes and their respective CHs is minimized and the sum of ratio of residual energy of alive nodes in cluster or energy level of CH is also minimized via maximized. In the research, a Flower Pollination Algorithm based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (EERPFPA) has been proposed to apply FPA the problem of electing the CH in the cluster set-up phase based on minimizing the intra cluster average distance between the member nodes and their CHs and minimizing the sum of ratio of remaining power/energy of active sensor nodes in cluster to energy/power intensity of CH. It efficiently maximizes the network life time and improves the stability period. In this paper, the simulation results are showed by using MATLAB. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient and more reliable in clustering process as compared to WSN with Harmony search algorithm (HSA) for heterogeneous networks.

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Trade-off for Leakage Power Reduction in Deep Sub Micron SRAM Design

Present day electronic industry faces the major problem of standby leakage current, as the processor speed increases, there is requirement of high speed cache memory. SRAM being mainly used for cache memory design, several low power techniques are being used for SRAM cell design. Full CMOS 6T SRAM cell is the most preferred choice for digital circuits. This paper reviews various leakage power techniques used in 6T SRAM cell and their comparative study.

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Effect of changes in supply voltage on power consumption of digital CMOS delay lines

In the beginning of the last decade, battery-powered hand-held devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers emerged. For that application we have to design a device which will consume minimum amount of energy. For that reason in this article we focused on power consumption and how to calculate the power. In this paper, an analysis of different delay lines based on CMOS architecture has been done. The effect of supply voltage on digital delay lines has been analysed as how supply voltage affected the value of power consumption of the digital delay line. After the analysis of those performance parameters, the trade-off has been made for better performance of delay lines.

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