FOREX Press I. J. of Electrical & Electronics Research
Support Open Access
  • Home/
  • IJEER-130218

Case Study |

Allocate Compatible Locations of TCSC in Baghdad City: A Case Study

Author(s): Nadheer A. Shalash1*, Yasar N. Lafta2,Aqeel S. Jaber3

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 13, Issue 2

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 30 June 2025

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 337-345

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/IJEER.130218

Abstract

Power systems are generally required to operate near their maximum capacity. Thus, there is an increased focus on improving real power system capacities through the installation of novel devices, including the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTs). This paper discusses the optimal incorporation of thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in the 400 kV Baghdad grid of the Iraqi network as a suggested method to control the power transfer of a transmission line (TL) and suppress Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR). The MATLAB 2019 simulation is executed utilizing the phase angle as an index to select an appropriate TCSC location. Nine places were chosen based on eigenvalues, and three suitable places were determined, where 0.5< Xc/Xl <2. The Baghdad city 400 kV is examined by applying PSS/E 34 software with the series TCSC connected at each of the three selected locations, thus three distinct cases are studied. The results reveal that the TCSC connection between 16428 4BGE and 16419 4BGS, where the value of (Xc/Xl) =1.46, was the optimal place where the series TCSC connection is conducted. From the results, it can be concluded that the least Xc/Xl value indicates the better the control of frequency and voltage, as well as the power losses in TLs reduction are higher.

Keywords: FACTS, TCSC, SSR, TCR, series compensation.




Nadheer A. Shalash,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Email: 30256@uotechnology.edu.iq

Yasar N. Lafta,Department of Mechatronics engineering, Al- Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Email: yasar@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq

Aqeel S. Jaber ,Independent researcher, Halsinki, Finland; Email: aqe77el@yahoo.com

    [1] Cadini F, Lomazzi L, Zio E., “Vulnerability Analysis of power transmission grids subject to cascading failures”, Electronics. 2024; 13(5):943. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050943.
    [2] Samson Ademola Adegoke & Yanxia Sun., “Power system optimization approach to mitigate voltage instability issues: A review”, Cogent Engineering, 10:1, 2153416, DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2022.2153416,2023.
    [3] Hoq, M. T., Wang, J., & Taylor, N., “Review of recent developments in distance protection of series capacitor compensated lines”, Electric Power Systems Research, 190, 106831. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106831.
    [4] M. Aybar-Mejía, J. Batista, K. Díaz, W. Fernandez, F. Reyes-Romero, E. De Leon-Concepci ´ on´, D. Mariano-Hernandez., “Reduction of operational restrictions of the transmission system in electrical systems through facts implementation”, e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 2,100047. 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2022.100047.
    [5] Jan Machowski, Zbigniew Lubosny, Janusz W. Bialek, and James R. Bumby, Power System Dynamics Stability and Control, Third Edition, Wiley, 2020.
    [6] Stig Nilsson, Antonio Ricardo de Mattos Tenório, Subir Sen, Andrew Taylor, Shukai Xu, Gang Zhao, Qiang Song & Bo Lei. Technical Description of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), CIGRE Green Books, Springer 2019.
    [7] Chethan, M., Kuppan, R., “A review of FACTS device implementation in power systems using optimization techniques”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 71, 18, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-023-00312-7.
    [8] Taha, I. B. M., ELGebaly, A. E., Ahmed, E. S., & Abd el -Ghany, H. A., “Generalized voltage estimation of TCSC-compensated EHVs for adaptive distance protection”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 130, 107018, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.
    [9] Sarma (NDR) Nuthalapati, Power System Grid Operation Using Synchrophasor Technology, Springer, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89378-5.
    [10] Ngo Minh Khoa, Doan Duc Tung, “Modeling for Development of Simulation Tool: Impact of TCSC on Apparent Impedance Seen by Distance Relay”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol.8, No.5, pp. 3332-3337, 2018.
    [11] Debasish Mondal, Abhijit Chakrabarti, Aparajita Sengupta. Power system small signal stability analysis and control, Elsevier, Academic Press, 2020.
    [12] Rachakonda Raghavendra, N. C. Kotaia, and K. Radha Rani, “Artificial Neural Network based FACTS in a Contingency Situation”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, Vol.12, No. 1, p.p. 8-11, 2024.
    [13] Srinu Bhukya, T. Murali Krishna, G. Mallesham, & Ch. Anilbharadwaja, “Enhanced Performance of E-STATCOM Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for Grid-Connected Wind Systems Under Dynamic Fault Conditions”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, Vol.13, No. 1, p.p. 1-9, 2025.
    [14] Yasar N. Lafta, Nadheer A. Shalash, Y. N. Abd, & Ali. A. Al- Lami, “IEC 60909 and ANSI standards comparison with ASCC based fault calculations of Iraqi power system”, Journal of Cogent Engineering, vol.6, 2019.
    [15] Youssif K. Hamad, Yasar N. Lafta, Ali N. Hussain, “Enhancing Efficiency in Distribution Power Networks by Power Factor Controlling of Renewable Energy Generators: a Case Study of Iraqi Wasit Network”, International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), vol. 19, no.2, 2024, pp. 132–140.
    [16] Nigam Bam Malla, Vision Parajuli, Dev Kumar Kalwar, Prabhat Lal Karn, Shishir Aryal, “Enhancement of power transfer capability of transmission line using thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)”, Journal of Electronics, Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, Vol: 04, No. 01, Dec 2023-Jan 2024. https://doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.41.26.37.
    [17] Syed Abdullah-Al-Nahid, TafsirAhmed Khan, Md. Abu Taseen, Silvia Tasnim, Tareq Aziz, Taskin Jamal, “Maximizing power transfer in transmission networks with TCPS: A non-linear programming-genetic algorithm approach”, Elsiveir, Energy Reports, Vol. 11, p.p.2608- 2622, 2024.
    [18] Bjarne R. Andersen, Stig L. Nilsson. Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS, CIGRE Green Books (CIGREGB), Springer, 2020.
    [19] Xiao-Ping Zhang, Christian Rehtanz, and Bikash Pal. Flexible AC transmission systems: modelling and control, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
    [20] Nwozor O. E. and Olumoko O. E., “A review of the functional and analytical characteristics of thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in electric power system”, Futo Journal Series (FUTOJNLS), Vol.6, Issue -2,2020, pp- 109 – 125.
    [21] Barry W Williams, Principles and Element of Power Electronics, Barry W Williams, ISBN 978-0-9553384-0-3, 2006.
    [22] Manasi Prashant Deore, “Examining the Thyristor-Controlled Reactor's (TCR) Performance to minimize Self-Generated Harmonics”, Journal of Electrical Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2s, 2024
    [23] Doan Duc Tung, Le Van Dai, and Le Cao Quyen, “Subsynchronous resonance and FACTS-novel control strategy for its mitigation”, Journal of Engineering, Vol 2019, Hindawi, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2163908.
    [24] Robin Noel Damas;Yongju Son;Myungseok Yoon;Sung-Yul Kim;Sungyun Choi, “Subsynchronous Oscillation and Advanced Analysis: A Review”, IEEE Access, 2020. doi:10.1109/access.2020.3044634.
    [25] Reader's guide to subsynchronous resonance. (1992), 7(1), –157. doi:10.1109/59.141698.
    [26] Nadheer A. Shalash, Yasar N. Lafta, M. N. Lafta, “C. B interrupt duty reduction based controlling TRV and symmetrical breaking current”, Journal of Cogent Engineering, vol.10, 2023.
    [27] Bjarne R. Andersen and Stig L. Nilsson, DC Systems and power electronics Flexible AC Transmission Systems, study committee B4: (CIGRE), Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
    [28] Salah Kamel, Mohamed Abokrisha, Ali Selim, and Francisco Jurado, “Power flow control of power systems based on a simple TCSC model”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 3 , 2021. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.11.023.
    [29] Gautam A, Ibraheem, Sharma G, Bokoro PN, Ahmer MF., “Available Transfer Capability Enhancement in Deregulated Power System through TLBO Optimised TCSC”, Energies, Vol. 15, No. 12, 4448. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124448
    [30] Bizzarri, Federico; Brambilla, Angelo; Milano, Federico, “Analytic and Numerical Study of TCSC Devices: Unveiling the Crucial Role of Phase-Locked Loops”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 65, Issue 6, p.p. 1–10, 2017. doi:10.1109/TCSI.2017.2768220.
    [31] Muddu Chethan and Ravi Kuppan, “A review of FACTS device implementation in power systems using optimization techniques”, Springer, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 71, 18. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-023-00312-7.
    [32] Arcia-Garibaldi, G., Cruz-Romero, P., & Gómez-Expósito, “Future power transmission: Visions, technologies and challenges”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, p.p. 285–301. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.004.
    [33] Sadovskaia, K., Bogdanov, D., Honkapuro, S., & Breyer, “Power transmission and distribution losses – A model based on available empirical data and future trends for all countries globally”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 107, p.p 98–109. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.11.012.
    [34] Yasar N. Lafta, Nadheer A. shalash, “Voltage profile modification of distribution grid-based spike/ REGs - a case study: the province of Mosul in Iraq”, International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), vol. 18, no.5, 2023.
    [35] Muhammad, Y., Khan, R., Raja, M. A. Z., Ullah, F., Chaudhary, N. I., & He, Y., “Solution of optimal reactive power dispatch with FACTS devices: A survey”, Energy Reports, 6, 2211–2229, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2020.07.030.
    [36] Ku, H.-K., Kwon, H.-I., Song, J.-Y., Oh, S.-C.; Shin, J.-H., “Analysis of the System Impact upon Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Relocation Due to Changes in the Power System Environment”, Energies, 16, No. 2, 722, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020722.
    [37] Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Electricity, Planning and Studies Office, 2024.

Nadheer A. Shalash, Yasar N. Lafta, and Aqeel S. Jaber(2025), Allocate Compatible Locations of TCSC in Baghdad City: A Case Study. IJEER 13(2), 337-345. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.130218.