FOREX Press I. J. of Electrical & Electronics Research
Support Open Access
  • Home/
  • IJEER-130312

Research Article |

A Compact S-Shaped Patch Antenna for ISM-Band Wireless Communications Applications

Author(s): Ayman N. Muhi1, Mustafa Ghanim2, Mohaimen Q. Algburi3

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 13, Issue 3

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 30 August 2025

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 477-485

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/IJEER.130312

Abstract

The evolution of wireless communication systems has intensified the demand for compact, efficient antennas tailored to specific applications. This research introduces an S-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication, emphasizing its compactness and operational efficiency. The antenna designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software, achieves a gain of 1.75 dBi, 95% radiation efficiency, an operational bandwidth of 200 MHz (2.37 GHz to 2.57 GHz), and an excellent impedance matching with compact dimensions of 29 mm × 20 mm optimized to achieve resonance within the desired frequency of 2.45 GHz and make the antenna suitable for space-constrained environments. Detailed analysis of return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and radiation characteristics are presented. The antenna is fabricated, and the simulated results were verified by practical measurements of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The measured resonance frequency and return loss proved the appropriateness of the antenna to the desired ISM band of 2.45 GHz. Though some minor deviations were noted between the simulated and practical performance. Comparative results with recent antenna designs highlight the proposed S-shaped antenna's performance and potential for specific applications in constrained environments requiring highly efficient narrowband antennas.

Keywords: ISM applications, S-shape antenna, Bandwidth, Gain, 2.4 GHz.




Ayman N. Muhi, College of Communication Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq; Email: aymen.n.muhi@uotechnology.edu.iq

Mustafa Ghanim, College of Communication Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq; Email: mustafa.g.rzooki@uotechnology.edu.iq

Mohaimen Q. Algburi, College of Communication Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq; Email: mohaimen.q.khalaf@uotechnology.edu.iq

    [1] R. Karim, A. Iftikhar, B. Ijaz, and I. Ben Mabrouk, “The Potentials, Challenges, and Future Directions of On-Chip-Antennas for Emerging Wireless Applications—A Comprehensive Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 173897–173934, 2019, doi: 10.1109/access.2019.2957073.
    [2] García. E, Aurora. A, and J. Anguera, "Overview of Reconfigurable Antenna Systems for IoT Devices, " Electronics, 2024, 13, no. 20: 3988. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13203988.
    [3] Nabeel. M. I, Khushboo. S, Muhammad. U. Afzal, Dushmantha. N. Thalakotuna, and Karu. P. Esselle, "Dual-Band Passive Beam Steering Antenna Technologies for Satellite Communication and Modern Wireless Systems: A Review, " Sensors 2024, 24, 6144. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144.‏
    [4] A. N. Muhi, M. Q. Algburi, H. Abdulkarim, and M. Ghanim, “Innovative Designs for Enhanced Connectivity for 3G and 4G Cellular Networks,” in 2024 International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics, and Telecommunications (ICRAMET), Bandung, Indonesia: IEEE, Nov. 2024, pp. 56–61. doi: 10.1109/ICRAMET62801.2024.10809318.
    [5] Soni, Gaurav Kumar, et al, "Design and optimization of flexible DGS-based microstrip antenna for wearable devices in the Sub-6 GHz range using the nelder-mead simplex algorithm," Results in Engineering, Volume 24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103470.‏
    [6] Gaurav. K. Soni, D. Yadav, A. Kumar, "Design consideration and recent developments in flexible, transparent and wearable antenna technology: A review," Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 35.1, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4894.
    [7] H. Q. Al-Gburi, M. Algburi, and H. Al-Saedi, “Compact Antenna Design for RFID and IoT Applications,” in 2022 2nd International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI), Jul. 2022, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ICMI55296.2022.9873727.
    [8] M. Q. Algburi, “Wearable Antenna Design for IoT and Biomedical Applications,” Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, pp. 1–132, 2022.
    [9] Algburi. M and M. Ilyas, "A Novel Design Reconfigurable Antenna Based on the Metamaterial for Wearable Applications," Journal of Physics, 2021, Volume 1973, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012042.
    [10] Santhakumar. G, R. Muthukumar, "A novel compact flower shaped antenna array for sub-6 GHZ and UWB applications," Wireless Networks, 1-14, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-025-03923-5.
    [11] H. Keriee et al., “A Slotted Planar Antenna for 5G Applications,” Elektrika, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 11–14, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.11113/elektrika.v21n2.350.
    [12] J. G. Chavda, “A prototype model to Improve Bandwidth of S shaped Microstrip patch Antenna,” Asian Journal of Convergence in Technology, vol. 4, no. 2350, 2018.
    [13] A. G. Ambekar, A. A. Deshmukh, V. A. P. Chavali, and K. P. Ray, “Modified S-Shape Microstrip Antennas For Dual Polarized Multiband And Wideband Response,” in 2019 9th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication (ICACC), Kochi, India: IEEE, Nov. 2019, pp. 193–198. doi: 10.1109/ICACC48162.2019.8986180.
    [14] P. Nikam, J. Kumar, A. Baidya, and S. Hake, “S’ shape Defected Ground Structure four-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with PIN diode integration,” in 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Kannur, India: IEEE, Aug. 2022, pp. 751–755. doi: 10.1109/ICICICT54557.2022.9917604.
    [15] T. Z. Fadhil, M. R. Hamid, N. A. Murad, and M. K. A. Rahim, “Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna with Rotated S Shape Slot For 5 G Application,” in 2022 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Sydney, Australia: IEEE, Oct. 2022, pp. 145–146. doi: 10.1109/ISAP53582.2022.9998588.
    [16] V. V, P. K. Kumar, Y. Sreenivasulu, R. Rawat, S. Ramesh, and J. Kumar, “Design and Development of S-Shaped Antenna for Wireless Networks,” in 2023 7th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India: IEEE, Nov. 2023, pp. 1677–1681. doi: 10.1109/ICECA58529.2023.10395858.
    [17] Assogba. O, Bréard. A, Duroc. Y, "A New Low-Cost Compact Antenna for the 2.45 and 5.8 GHz ISM Bands, " Applied Sciences, 2025, 15, no. 4: 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041912.
    [18] G. -P. Gao, Z. -H. Dou, Z. -Q. Yu, B. -K. Zhang, J. -H. Dong and B. Hu, "Dual-Mode Patch Antenna With Capacitive Coupling Structure for On-/Off-Body Applications," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1512-1516, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3170555.
    [19] K. Bhatt, S. Kumar, P. Kumar and C. C. Tripathi, "Highly Efficient 2.4 and 5.8 GHz Dual-Band Rectenna for Energy Harvesting Applications," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2637-2641, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2946911.
    [20] Praveen. V. Naidu, A. Kumar, R. Rajkumar, "Design, analysis and fabrication of compact dual band uniplanar meandered ACS fed antenna for 2.5/5 GHz applications," Microsystem Technologies, Volume 25, pages 97–104, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3937-8.
    [21] M. Shahidul Islam, M. T. Islam, M. A. Ullah, G. Kok Beng, N. Amin and N. Misran, "A Modified Meander Line Microstrip Patch Antenna With Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz ISM-Band Internet of Things (IoT) Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 127850-127861, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940049.
    [22] Xiaocha Liu, Xiaoyi Wang, Guo-Min Yang, Dang Xiang, and Li-Rong Zheng, "Dual-band frequency reconfigurable metasurface antenna for millimeter wave joint communication and radar sensing systems," Optics Express, 32, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.522684.
    [23] Karthiga. B, and C. Mahendran, "A compact dual-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with pin diode integration for smartwatch application," International Journal of Electronics Letters, Pages 403-412, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681724.2024.2327090.
    [24] Mohamed. S. Bizan, Peyman. P. Mohammadi, A. Iqbal, Tayeb. A. Denidni, "High-gain dual-band antenna with independent frequency operation for Sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave applications." AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Volume 193, 2025, ‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2025.155743.
    [25] J. Liu, B. X. Liu and Z. F. Lu, "Design of a Dual-Band Polarization Reconfigurable Rectenna for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2025.3538687.
    [26] Balanis. Constantine, "Antenna theory: analysis and design,"John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 3rd Ed, New Jersey, 2005.
    [27] M. Q. Algburi, S. Kamiran Al-Jaff, A. N. Muhi, and M. Ghanim, “The Evolution of Mobile Communications: A Review about 5G Technologies and Future Directions,” JCM, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 199–213, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.12720/jcm.20.2.199-213.
    [28] Al-Azzawi. Z. F, AbdulSattar. R. K, Muhsin. M. Y, Azeez. M. A, Salim. A. J, Ali. J. K, "Dual-Functional Antenna Array for Multi-Band MIMO Applications in 5th Generation Mobile Phones," International Conference on Cyber Intelligence and Information Retrieval, CIIR 2023, pp 347–356, vol 1139. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7603-0_30.

Ayman N. Muhi, Mustafa Ghanim, and Mohaimen Q. Algburi(2025), A Compact S-Shaped Patch Antenna for ISM-Band Wireless Communications Applications. IJEER 13(3), 477-485. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.130312.