FOREX Press I. J. of Electrical & Electronics Research
Support Open Access
  • Home/
  • IJEER-130418

Research Article |

GA-Optimized FACT-SMES Coordination and APF Selection for Enhanced AGC Stability in Deregulated Hybrid Power Systems

Author(s): Sunil Kumar1*, and Prof (Dr) SK Gupta2

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 13, Issue 4

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 15 December 2025

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 784-791

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/IJEER.130418

Abstract

This research investigates the enhancement of frequency stability in a hybrid power system operating under deregulated conditions. The study integrates Flexible AC Transmission System (FACT) devices including SSSC, UPFC, TCPS, and TCSC with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units, optimized using Genetic Algorithms (GA). PID and PIDF controllers are employed for frequency regulation, and their performance is evaluated through various case studies. Results demonstrate that the combination of FACT devices with SMES, tuned via GA, significantly improves dynamic response, reducing settling time and peak overshoot. Among the FACT devices, UPFC and SSSC exhibit superior performance, while the CPI-PDF controller provides the best damping effect. The use of PIDF with SSSC+SMES gives 4.92s settling time. The findings highlight the effectiveness of intelligent optimization techniques in enhancing power system stability, with SMES contributing to a 32% faster settling time and a 54% reduction in overshoot. The study provides practical recommendations for controller and device selection based on specific grid requirements, offering valuable insights for modern power systems with high renewable energy penetration. The entire system is simulated using MATLAB 2026a Simulink.

Keywords: Hybrid power system, FACT devices, SMES, Genetic Algorithm, Frequency stability, PIDF control.




Sunil Kumar*, Department of Electrical Engineer, PHD Scholar DCRUST Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India; Email: 18001902906sunil@dcrustm.org

Prof (Dr) SK Gupta, Department of Electrical Engineer, Professor, DCRUST, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India; Email: drskgupta.ee@dcrustm.org

    [1] Y. Arya, P. Dahiya, E. Çelik, G. Sharma, H. Gözde, and I. Nasiruddin, “AGC performance amelioration in multi-area interconnected thermal and thermal-hydro-gas power systems using a novel controller,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 384– 396, Apr. 2021, Doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2020.08.015.
    [2] S. K. Bhagat, L. C. Saikia, N. R. Babu, S. K. Ramoji, D. Raja, and M. K. Behera, “The Application of Various PID Controllers and the Effect of AHVDC and DSTS on Dynamics Responses in a Multi-Area AGC,” IFAC-Papers Online, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 473–478, 2022, Doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.04.078.
    [3] G. M. Meseret and L. C. Saikia, “A Comparative Performance Analysis evaluation of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of Multi-Area Power System with the impact of HVDC Links on the System Frequency using the Conventional PID and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Controller,” IFAC Papers Online, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 138–143, 2022, Doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.04.023.
    [4] M. J. Chandrashekar and R. Jayapal, “AGC and AVR implementation in a deregulated power system using optimized controller with Renewable integrated DC link,” in 2019 1st International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Control, Environment, Computing & Communication Engineering (ICATIECE), Mar. 2019, pp. 355–364. Doi: 10.1109/ICATIECE45860.2019.9063775.
    [5] M. Deepak and R. J. Abraham, “Load following in a deregulated power system with Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 65, pp. 136–145, Feb. 2015, Doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.09.038.
    [6] R. J. Abraham, D. Das, and A. Patra, “AGC System after Deregulation Considering TCPS in Series with the Tie-Line,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 281–295, Jun. 2015, Doi: 10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0165.
    [7] Y. Arya and N. Kumar, “AGC of a multi-area multi-source hydrothermal power system interconnected via AC/DC parallel links under deregulated environment,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 75, pp. 127–138, Feb. 2016, Doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.08.015.
    [8] R. J. Abraham, D. Das, and A. Patra, “Automatic generation control of an interconnected hydrothermal power system considering superconducting magnetic energy storage,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 571–579, Oct. 2007, Doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.01.004.
    [9] P. Bhatt, R. Roy, and S. P. Ghoshal, “Comparative performance evaluation of SMES–SMES, TCPS–SMES and SSSC–SMES controllers in automatic generation control for a two-area hydro–hydro system,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1585–1597, Dec. 2011, Doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.12.015.
    [10] Gyugyi L, “Unified power-flow control concept for flexible AC transmission systems,” IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol 139, p-323, issue-4, 1992, doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1992.0048.
    [11] S. Kumar, K. Wadhwa, and S. K. Gupta, “Enhancing the performance of multi area AGC in deregulated environment tuned with TCPS Using BFO,” PIICON 2020 - 9th IEEE Power India International Conference, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1109/PIICON49524.2020.9112888.
    [12] A. Pappachen and A. Peer Fathima, “Critical research areas on load frequency control issues in a deregulated power system: A state-of-theart-of-review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 72, pp. 163–177, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2017.01.053.
    [13] S. Kumar, and S. K. Gupta, “Potentials of Genetic Algorithm in the Performance of Load Frequency Control using FACT Devices, AVR and SMES for Hybrid Power System in Deregulated Environment,” International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER), Dec-2024, Volume 12, Issue 4 | Pages 1487-1494 | e-ISSN: 2347-470X.
    [14] S. Kumar, and S. K. Gupta, “Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area, Multi-Unit AGC Hybrid Power System Under Deregulated Environment using PI-PDF and CPI-PDF Tuner with Differential Evolution Algorithm”, International Journal of intelligent systems and applications in engineering, IJISAE, 2024, 12(4s), 16–29. ISSN:2147-67992.
    [15] A. Ghasemi-Marzbali, “Multi-area multi-source automatic generation control in deregulated power system,” Energy, vol. 201, p. 117667, Jun. 2020, Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117667.
    [16] S. Prakash and S. Sinha, “Application of artificial intelligence in load frequency control of interconnected power system”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology‐ Volume 3, Number 4, 2011, pp.264-275 DOI:10.4314/ijest.v3i4.68558
    [17] S.Chaine, M. Tripathy “Performance of CSA optimized controllers of DFIGs and AGC to improve frequency regulation of a wind integrated hydrothermal power system”, Alexandria Engineering Journal June 2019, DOI:10.1016/j.aej.2019.03.007
    [18] Naimul Hasan, Ibraheem, Shuaib Farooq, “Real Time Simulation of Automatic Generation Control for Interconnected Power System”, International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics ‐ Volume 4, Number 1, March 2012, June 2018 DOI:10.15676/ijeei.2012.4.1.4
    [19] H. K. Abduljaleel, S. K. Gharghan, and A. J. A. Al-Gburi, “Multi-layer square coil-based wireless power transfer for biomedical implants,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. B, vol. 111, 2025.

Sunil Kumar, Prof (Dr) SK Gupta (2025), GA-Optimized FACT-SMES Coordination and APF Selection for Enhanced AGC Stability in Deregulated Hybrid Power Systems. IJEER 13(4), 784-791. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.130418.