FOREX Press I. J. of Electrical & Electronics Research
Support Open Access
  • Home/
  • IJEER-110309

Research Article |

A Solution to VLSI: Digital Circuits Design in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Technology

Author(s): Madhavi Repe* and Dr. Sanjay Koli

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 11, Issue 3

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 10 August 2023

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 696-704

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110309

Abstract

Quantum Dot Cellular Automata is a Nano device efficient than other devices in nanotechnology for the last two decades. It is beneficial over Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology like high speed, low energy dissipation, high device density and high computation efficiency. To achieve further optimization different methods like simplifications in Boolean expressions, tile method, clocking scheme, cell placement, cell arrangement, novel input techniques, etc., are in use. These methods improve the performance metrics in terms of QCA Cells, total circuit area, delay in output, power consumption, and coplanar or multilayer layout. This paper is about the novel NOT gate layout designed with efficient parameters compared to existing NOT gates except area parameters with analysis and XOR gate and multiplexer circuits. The novel gate provides an improvement of 55% in the number of cells, polarization raised by 0.33, and an 80.77% improvement in total area. These circuits illustrate further scope in QCA circuit design efficiently. XOR circuit shows area reduction up to 0.006 μm2 with 0.5 clock cycle delay. Further optimization in XOR parameters and with this novel NOT gate researchers can optimize parameters to bring revolution and digitalization.

Keywords: QCA (Quantum Dot Cellular Automata), ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors), MG (Majority Gate), SDN (Signal Distribution Network), Inverter.




Madhavi Repe*, Research scholar at the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of G H Raisoni College of Engineering and Management (affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Wagholi, Pune, India and Assistant Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Unitech Society’s Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune, India; Email: madhavirepe2021@gmail.com

Dr. Sanjay Koli, Professor and Dean Consultancy at Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ajeenkya, D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Lohegaon, Pune, India; Email: sanjaykoli29@gmail.com

    [1] C. S. Lent, P. D. Tougaw and W. Porod, "Quantum cellular automata: the physics of computing with arrays of quantum dot molecules," Proceedings Workshop on Physics and Computation. PhysComp '94, 1994, pp. 5-13, doi: 10.1109/PHYCMP.1994.363705. [Cross Ref]
    [2] “International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)”, 2015 Edition, https://www.semiconductors.org/clientuploads/Research_Technology/I TRS/2015/6_2015 ITRS 2.0 Beyond CMOS.pdf.
    [3] Mehta, U.S., & Dhare, V. (2017). Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA): A Survey. ArXiv, abs/1711.08153. [Cross Ref]
    [4] Moustafa A, Younes A, Hassan YF. A Customizable Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Building Block for the Synthesis of Classical and Reversible Circuits. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015; 2015:705056. doi: 10.1155/2015/705056. Epub 2015 Aug 9. PMID: 26345412; PMCID: PMC4546754. [Cross Ref]
    [5] Haotian Chen, Hongjun Lv, Zhang Zhang, Xin Cheng and Guangjun Xie. Design and Analysis of a Novel Low-Power Exclusive-OR Gate Based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers. Vol. 28, No. 8 (2019) 1950141 (17 pages) # . c World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S021812661950141X. [Cross Ref]
    [6] Suman Rani, Trailokya Nath Sasamal, A New Clocking Scheme for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Based Designs with Single or Regular Cells, Energy Procedia, Volume 117,2017, Pages 466-473, ISSN 1876-6102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.172. [Cross Ref]
    [7] Kianpour, Moein & Sabbaghi, Reza. (2015). A Novel Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata X-bit x 32-bit SRAM. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. 24. 1-1. 10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2418278. [Cross Ref]
    [8] A Kavitha. Performance Analysis on Quantum–Dot Cellular Automata. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7 Issue-5, January 2019. [Cross Ref]
    [9] M. Beigh, M. Mustafa and F. Ahmad.Performance Evaluation of Efficient XOR Structures in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Circuits and Systems, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2013, pp. 147-156. doi: 10.4236/cs.2013.42020. [Cross Ref]
    [10] Santra, S., Roy, U. (2014). 'Design and Implementation of Quantum Cellular Automata Based Novel Adder Circuits'. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Open Science Index 85, International Journal of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, 8(1), 178 - 183.
    [11] Ahmad, Firdous. (2014). Novel Code Converters Based On Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). Volume 3. May 2014. [Cross Ref]
    [12] P. Douglas Tougaw and Craig S. Lent. Logical devices implemented using quantum cellular automata. Journal of Applied Physics 75, 1818-1825 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.356375. [Cross Ref]
    [13] M. G. Waje and P. K. Dakhole, "Design and simulation of new XOR gate and code converters using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata with reduced number of wire crossings," 2014 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2014], 2014, pp. 1245-1250, doi: 10.1109/ICCPCT.2014.7054942. [Cross Ref]
    [14] Xingjun, L, Zhiwei, S, Hongping, C, Haghighi, MRJ. A new design of QCA-based nanoscale multiplexer and its usage in communications. Int J Commun Syst. 2020; 33: e4254. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4254. [Cross Ref]
    [15] Mohammad Berarzadeh, Somaye Mohammadyan, Keivan Navi, and Nader Bagherzadeh. 2017. A novel low power Exclusive-OR via cell level-based design function in quantum cellular automata. J. Comput. Electron. 16, 3 (September 2017), 875–882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-017-0986-7. [Cross Ref]
    [16] Ehsan Taher Karkaj, Saeed Rasouli Heikalabad, Binary to gray and gray to binary converter in quantum-dot cellular automata, Optik, Volume 130, 2017, Pages 981-989,ISSN 0030-4026,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.11.087. [Cross Ref]
    [17] Amir Mokhtar Chabi, Arman Roohi, Hossein Khademolhosseini, Shadi Sheikhfaal, Shaahin Angizi, Keivan Navi, and Ronald F. DeMara. 2017. Towards ultra-efficient QCA reversible circuits. Microprocess. Microsyst. 49, C (March 2017), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2016.09.015. [Cross Ref]
    [18] Sangsefidi, Milad & Karimpour, Morteza & Sarayloo, Mahdiyar. (2015). Efficient Design of a Coplanar Adder/Subtractor in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata. 10.1109/EMS.2015.74. [Cross Ref]
    [19] Raj, M., Kumaresan, R.S., & Lakshminarayanan, G. (2019). Optimized Multiplexer and Exor gate in 4-dot 2-electron QCA using Novel Input Technique. 2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 1-4. [Cross Ref]
    [20] Sill Torres, Frank & Wille, Robert & Niemann, Philipp & Drechsler, Rolf. (2018). An Energy-Aware Model for the Logic Synthesis of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems. PP. 1-1. 10.1109/TCAD.2018.2789782. [Cross Ref]
    [21] K. Walus, T. J. Dysart, G. A. Jullien and R. A. Budiman. QCADesigner: a rapid design and Simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 26-31, March 2004, doi: 10.1109/TNANO.2003.820815. [Cross Ref]
    [22] M. M. Abutaleb. A Unique Cell-based Configuration of XOR Gates in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Sensors and Nanotechnology, 2019, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SENSORSNANO44414.2019.8940099. [Cross Ref]
    [23] Sasamal, Trailokya & Singh, Ashutosh & Mohan, Anand. (2020). Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Based Digital Logic Circuits: A Design Perspective. 10.1007/978-981-15-1823-2. [Cross Ref]
    [24] Kassa, Sankit & tambe, Aishwariya & bhakre, Snehal. (2019). Design and Analysis of (2x1) and (4x1) Multiplexer Circuit in Quantum dot Cellular Automata Approach. 08. 277-281.
    [25] T. Teodosio and L. Sousa, "QCA-LG: A tool for the automatic layout generation of QCA combinational circuits," Norchip 2007, 2007, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/NORCHP.2007.4481078. [Cross Ref]
    [26] S. Hashemi, M. R. Azghadi and A. Zakerolhosseini, "A novel QCA multiplexer design," 2008 International Symposium on Telecommunications, 2008, pp. 692-696, doi: 10.1109/ISTEL.2008.4651389. [Cross Ref]
    [27] kassa,S. Nema, Energy efficient novel design of Static random access memory memory cell in quantum dot cellular automata approach, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), IJE Transactions B:Applications, Vol 32, No.5, (May 2019),720-725. [Cross Ref]
    [28] Porod, W. (1997). Quantum-dot devices and Quantum-dot Cellular Automata. Journal of The Franklin Institute-engineering and Applied Mathematics, 334, 1147-1175. [Cross Ref]
    [29] Jayesh Diwan and Nagendra Gajjar (2023), Design and Characterization of a Novel FinFET based NCL Cell Library for High Performance Asynchronous Circuits . IJEER 11(1), 84-89. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.110111. [Cross Ref]
    [30] M Nagabushanam, Skandan S, Rushita M, Sushmitha S Kumar and Swathi K (2022), Optimization of Power and Area Using VLSI Implementation of MAC Unit Based on Additive Multiply Module. IJEER 10(4), 1099-1106. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.100455. [Cross Ref]
    [31] Vijayalaxmi Kumbar and Manisha Waje (2022), A Comparative Analysis of FinFET Based SRAM Design. IJEER 10(4), 1191-1198. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.100468. [Cross Ref]
    [32] C. S. Lent and P. D. Tougaw, "A device architecture for computing with quantum dots," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 541-557, April 1997, doi: 10.1109/5.573740. [Cross Ref]
    [33] Ali H. Majeed, “An ultra-low complexity of 2:1 multiplexer block in QCA technology”, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol. 21, No. 3, March 2021, pp. 1341~1346 ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1341-1346. [Cross Ref]

Madhavi Repe and Dr. Sanjay Koli (2023), A Solution to VLSI: Digital Circuits Design in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Technology. IJEER 11(3), 696-704. DOI: 10.37391/ijeer.110309.