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Review Article |

Performance Evaluation of Kaiser Windowing in Time, Frequency, and Hybrid Domains for F-OFDM-Based 5G Systems

Author(s): Ammar Ahmed Falih1*, Siti Barirah Ahmad Anas1,Mohd Fadlee Bin A Rasid1,Marsyita Binti Hanafi1

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 14, Issue 2

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 25 June 2026

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 403-415

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/IJEER.140217

Abstract

Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM) has emerged as a promising waveform candidate for 5G systems due to its enhanced spectral containment and flexibility. However, conventional F-OFDM implementations rely on single-domain windowing or filtering, which limits the achievable trade-off between spectral efficiency and error-rate performance. This paper proposes a unified hybrid-domain Kaiser windowing framework that jointly applies time-domain and frequency-domain shaping within a single analytical formulation. A weighted hybrid shaping parameter is derived to balance time localization and spectral confinement in a transparent and reproducible manner.The proposed framework is evaluated in terms of power spectral density (PSD), adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR), and bit error rate (BER) under AWGN, Rician fading (K = 6 dB, fd = 200 Hz), and Rayleigh fading (fd = 200 Hz) channels. Results demonstrate that the hybrid-domain approach achieves superior out-of-band emission suppression and improved ACLR compared to conventional time-domain and frequency-domain Kaiser windowing, while maintaining robust BER performance under realistic fading and mobility conditions. The findings confirm that joint time–frequency windowing provides a practical and effective solution for meeting 5G spectral emission requirements without introducing excessive computational complexity.

Keywords: 5G waveforms, F-OFDM, Kaiser window, PSD, BER, PAPR, OOBE, computational complexity.




Ammar Ahmed Falih,Siti Barirah Ahmad Anas,Mohd Fadlee Bin A Rasid,Marsyita Binti Hanafi, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor;

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Ammar Ahmed Falih, Siti Barirah Ahmad Anas, Mohd Fadlee Bin A Rasid, and Marsyita Binti Hanafi(2026), Performance Evaluation of Kaiser Windowing in Time, Frequency, and Hybrid Domains for F-OFDM-Based 5G Systems. IJEER 14(2), 403-415. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.140217.