FOREX Press I. J. of Electrical & Electronics Research
Support Open Access
  • Home/
  • IJEER-140233

Research Article |

SRR Metamaterial-aided PET-Based Flexible Inset-Feed Patch Antenna for X-Band Applications

Author(s): Mamta Rani1,Mohd.Gulman Siddiqui2

Published In : International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER)        Volume 14, Issue 2

Publisher : FOREX Publication

Published : 30 June 2026

e-ISSN : 2347-470X

Page(s) : 581-589

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37391/IJEER.140233

Abstract

This paper introduces an adjustable inset-feed rectangular metamaterial-based patch antenna with a Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrate (relative permittivity εr = 2.8; height h = 0.16 mm) use within the X-band range at about 10 GHz (the resonance frequency is: f r ≈ 9.9525 GHz) as part of wearable radio-frequency (RF) device systems. The SRR-unit-cell used as a single square split ring resonator on the ground-plane has a μ-negative (μ < 0) effect to improve the properties of the antenna. To optimize the properties of the proposed antennas, the parametric optimization performed overall design parameters including: substrate-thickness, notch-gap, and feed-width. The proposed SRR-assisted configuration exhibits a return loss of −41.85 dB, directivity of 7.65 dBi, bandwidth of 97.8 MHz, and a VSWR of 1.01 at the resonant frequency of 9.9525 GHz. Compared with the conventional inset-feed patch antenna, the proposed design demonstrates approximately 12.9% improvement in impedance matching and nearly 30% enhancement in directivity. The compact geometry, low-profile PET substrate, and improved radiation characteristics make the antenna suitable for wearable sensing, RFID, radar, and X-band wireless communication systems.

Keywords: Inset Feed Patch Antenna, Split-Ring Resonator (SRR), PET Substrate, Gain, Directivity, Bandwidth, HFSS, Return Loss, Parametric Analysis.




Mamta Rani, Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, India; Email: smamta6105@gmail.com

Mohd.Gulman Siddiqui, Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, India; Email: mohdgulmansiddiqui@banasthali.in

    [1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2016.
    [2] Z. Wang, "UWB Signal Generation and Transmission Technology," 2023 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Science (EIECS), Changchun, China, 2023, pp. 989-992, doi: 10.1109/EIECS59936.2023.10435495.
    [3] S. Kaur, P. Singh, and R. Khanna, "IoT-enabled wearable antenna design for healthcare and military applications in X-band," Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 32, no. 4, e23015, 2022. doi: 10.1002/mmce.23015
    [4] A. Kumar and S. Sharma, "A review on microstrip patch antenna designs for modern wireless communication," Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 1119–1152, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08066-2
    [5] R. Yadav and D. Singh, "Bandwidth enhancement techniques for microstrip patch antennas: a comprehensive survey," IETE J. Res., vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1451–1467, 2023. doi: 10.1080/03772063.2021.1886458
    [6] T. J. Cui, D. R. Smith, and R. Liu, Metamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals. CRC Press, 2016, pp. 19.
    [7] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2075–2084, Nov. 1999. doi: 10.1109/22.798002
    [8] P. Dawar, N. S. Raghava, and A. De, "UWB metamaterial-loaded antenna for C-band applications," Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2019, Art. ID 6087039, 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/6087039
    [9] A. Dkiouak, A. Zakriti, and M. El Ouahabi, "Design of a compact SRR-loaded patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth for X-band radar applications," J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1367–1381, 2021. doi: 10.1080/09205071.2021.1885783
    [10] M. Alibakhshikenari et al., "A comprehensive survey on antennas on-chip based on metamaterial, plasmonics, and large-scale antenna array for millimeter-waves and terahertz applications," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 3668–3692, 2022. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139293
    [11] T. Blecha, R. Linhart, and J. Reboun, "PET substrate antennas for wearable UHF RFID systems," J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., vol. 32, pp. 16712–16723, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10854-021-06215-0
    [12] S. Chaudhary, A. Agarwal, D. Mishra, and S. Shah, “Enhancing longevity: Sustainable channel modeling for wireless-powered implantable BANs,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 163, p. 103 584, 2024, issn: 1570-8705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103584.
    [13] D. Betancourt and J. Castan, "Printed antenna on flexible low-cost PET substrate for UHF application," Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 38, pp. 129–140, 2013.
    [14] P. Kumar and G. Singh, "Inset feed optimization for impedance matching in microstrip patch antennas," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1432–1440, 2021. doi: 10.1002/mop.32797
    [15] M. Ullah, F. Mabrouk, and S. Koziel, "Flexible PET-based microstrip antennas for UWB IoT and RFID applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1642–1651, 2023. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3213658
    [16] B. Sharma, A. Agarwal, D. Mishra, S. Debnath, and S. Shah,"Optimizing the design of intelligent reflecting surfaces with graphene for maximum wireless power transfer in Internet of Things communications, "ETRI Journal, vol. 47, pp. 921–933, 2025. DOI:10.4218/etrij.2024-0470.
    [17] M. A. Islam, et al.,"A novel metamaterial superstrate array integrated flexible UWB antenna for wearable body-area network,"Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 82, Art. no. 103612, Jun. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103612.
    [18] Rajni and A. Marwaha, "An accurate approach of mathematical modeling of SRR and SR metamaterials," J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 82–86, 2016.
    [19] Ullah, M., Mabrouk, F., Koziel, S., Flexible PET-based microstrip antennas for IoT and RFID applications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 71(2), 1642–1651, 2023.
    [20] Islam, M.A., et al., A novel metamaterial superstrate array integrated flexible antenna for wearable body-area network applications, Optical Fiber Technology, 82, 103612, 2024.
    [21] Khacha, Sarra, et al. "Millimeter‐wave antennas: A comprehensive state‐of‐the‐art review of design approaches, operating bands, challenges, and applications in body‐centric and emerging systems." Radio Science 61.5 (2026): e2026RS008662.
    [22] Y.T. Yu, M.F. Lau, "A comparison of MC/DC, MUMCUT and several other coverage criteria for logical decisions", Journal of Systems and Software, 2002, in press.

Mamta Rani and Mohd. Gulman Siddiqui(2026), SRR Metamaterial-aided PET-Based Flexible Inset-Feed Patch Antenna for X-Band Applications. IJEER 14(2), 581-589. DOI: 10.37391/IJEER.140233.