Articles published in IJEER


Design and FPGA Implementation of Image Compression Based Fuzzy Technique

Fuzzy logic is a way to embed an engineer’s experience into the system. In recent years, many researchers have applied the fuzzy logic to develop new techniques for contrast improvement. Fuzzy logic is a well-known rather simple approach with good visual results, but proposed fuzzy operation algorithm is default nonlinear. Here proposed algorithm is a default nonlinear thus not straight forward applicable on the JPEG bit stream, it is possible when the right combination is found. Image compression is one of the major image processing techniques that are widely used in medical, automotive, consumer and military applications. In this project fuzzy technique has been used in image compression with Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) technique. Discrete wavelet transforms is the most popular transformation technique adopted for image compression. Image compression has become important as storage or transmission of images requires large amount of bandwidth. In order to minimize the complexity of DWT, fuzzy technique has been proposed and implemented on FPGA

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Leakage current analysis for stack based Nano CMOS Digital Circuits

Due to the growing impact of subthreshold and gate leakage, static leakage is contributing more and more towards the power dissipation in deep submicron Nano CMOS technology. There have been many works on subthreshold leakage and techniques to reduce it, such as controlling the input vector to the circuit in standby mode, forcing stack and body bias control. In this tutorial paper we have reviewed the leakage current with change in drain source, gate and bulk voltages for 4 different submicron technologies using the latest PTM models. Simulation result shows the effect of gate leakage and subthreshold leakage in total leakage current for different input vectors for a stack of 3 Nano technology NMOS transistors, further analyzes also the subthreshold and total leakage variation with input vector in a stack of 4 Nano technology NMOS transistors

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Design of Multi Band Rectenna using Blank Box Optimization Technique

As we all know that demand of energy is increasing day by day. We all are surrounded by the Radio Frequency waves, so the harvesting of radio waves for our energy requirements could be the alternative source of energy. Rectenna is a device that is used to convert RF Energy into DC power. Rectenna is designed using triangular microstrip patch antenna TMPA. The main motive behind this is to have battery free devices. This thing will also helpus to protect our nature from harmful chemicals like cadmium, mercury etc. that are used in batteries This paper is concerned with the study design, analysis and fabrication of multi band Rectenna so that it can be used at various frequencies. We have used the blank box optimization technique in order to get enhanced bandwidth, gain, Return Loss and efficiency.

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Design of circular spiral antenna for mobile satellite communication

This paper presents the simulation, design, and fabrication of a circular spiral antenna for mobile - satellite communication with wide bandwidth. The centre frequency is 1.78 GHz with the bandwidth is 60 MHz radiation pattern of this antenna shows bidirectional pattern with voltage standing wave ratio of less than two, return loss of less than -10 dB, the line impedance of 50 Ω . All the design and simulation of this Antenna is carried by using a commercial cst simulator. The antenna is fabricated on Fr-4 substrate with 4.3 dielectric constant and 1.6 mm of thickness. Transient solver is used to measure all the parameters of this Antenna. It is observed that the simulated and measured values of the parameters of the antenna were quite close with each other.

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Compact Patch Antenna Parameters Integrating Using Left Handed Meta Material at 2.41GHz

This paper propose a new generation of antenna design that applies Meta material properties at the height of 3.2 mm above from the ground Plane. Paper also analyzed the performance of Ractangular Micro strip Patch Antenna with and without using the Meta material structure. All antenna parameters such as Return Loss, Gain, Directivity and Band width were measured. The main focus of this paper was to improve Return loss so that Patch antenna used for wide band applications. The additional features were its compact size and used in multiband operation.

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Enhancement in RMPA Parameters by Rhombus Cut Shaped Meta Material Structure Using at High Frequency 6.65GHz

A Rectangular micro strip patch antenna loaded with “Enhancement in RMPA parameters by Rhombus Cut Shaped Meta material high frequency using at 6.65GHz” As a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed at a height of 1.6mm & Left handed Meta material structure is designed at a height of 3.2mm from the ground plane by using CST-MWS software. The resonance frequency 6.65GHz of the designed antenna is using as a high frequency. We knew that frequency is increases as a bandwidth is also increases. Therefore in this paper work used at high frequency. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth of proposed antenna is 438.4MHz. The Return loss of the proposed antenna reduced to -34dB. This antenna is small size, cheap, compact and easy to fabricate, and achieve good radiation characteristics with higher return loss.

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Enhancement Various Parameters of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Metamaterial

The antenna along with the proposed Meta material structure designed to Resonate at 8.0 GHz frequency. But the proposed Meta material cover significantly reduces the return loss and increases the bandwidth, and gain of the antenna in comparison to rectangular micro strip patch antenna. The Metamaterial substrate has a potential to reduce the circuit size of the antenna as well as maintain the amplitude of the return loss at the specific resonant frequency. The most attractive feature of the substrate is the ability of enhancing the bandwidth of a patch antenna at 8.0GHz frequency. The system is firstly modelled by Computer Simulation Technology Software (CST-2010). With the help of CST-2010, The return loss, directivity, & radiation pattern of compact rectangular Patch Antenna operating at 8.0 GHz frequency and rectangular Patch Antenna along with designed Meta material shape have been evaluated in this work.

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Return loss and Gain Enhancement in RMPA by Rectangle cut Shaped Meta Material Structure Using at 2.097GHz

A Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna (RMPA) along with meta material which has design of “Rectangle Cut Shaped’’ structure is proposed at height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane. The RMPA with proposed Meta material structure is designed to resonate at 2.097 GHz frequency. In this paper work focused on return loss & gain. The return loss & gain of the parameters of RMPA enhancing the performance of antenna for useful applications such as wireless application & long distance communication. Basically if return loss reduces then the signal is useful for long distance communication. Proposed Meta material structure is significantly reduced the return loss and increased the bandwidth and gain of the antenna with compare to RMPA alone. The gain is increased up to 3.242 in comparison to RMPA alone. The return Loss of proposed antenna is reduced to -41.9db.

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Substrate Height and Dielectric Constant Dependent Performance of Rectangular Micro Strip Patch Antenna

In this paper, Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna has been designed for different substrate heights and dielectric constants of substrate. The proposed antenna is designed at a height 3.2 mm from the ground plane. This paper proposes a new generation of antenna that applies Meta material properties at ground Plane. The paper analyzes the performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna with and without using the Meta material structure. Effect of bandwidth due to change of substrate height and dielectric constant have been investigated. Finally, bandwidth for each substrate height and dielectric constant is measured for selecting the optimal patch antenna.

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Analysis of different delay lines in terms of propagation delay, area and power dissipation

In this paper, an analysis of different delay lines based on CMOS architecture has been done. Comparison has been made on these delay lines in terms of propagation delay, power dissipation, area, and power delay product. After the analysis of those performance parameters, the tradeoff has been made for better performance of delay lines.

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Alteration of Single Band Antenna into Triple Band Using Metamaterial

This research article contains process of RMPA modification into triple band feeler using negative media or metamaterial. The metamaterial structure contains amalgamation of rectangular and circular shapes to form a design which improvise the patch results to a great extent. The centre of interest in this letter is to use a microstrip patch antenna to operate at three different frequencies instead at operating frequency alone. This triple band feeler can operate at three distinguished frequencies 1.941, 2.586 & 2.784 GHz. whereas the operating frequency was 2GHz. The return loss for all the band frequencies is -29.1, -27.3 and -22.4 dB respectively and corresponding bandwidths are 23.7, 35.2 and 27MHz compared with return loss -10.11dB and bandwidth 9.4MHZ achieved by RMPA alone. All the designing and simulation work was done in the CST-MWS and the proving that the negative media is metamaterial was accomplished by MS excel software.

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