Due to fixed available spectrum and increase in wireless applications it is necessary to use a technology which can detect the unused spectrum so that spectrum efficiency can be improved. The device which is used known as cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is an intelligent device which can easily sense the available channel in an available spectrum, for spectrum sensing it basically uses three techniques Energy Detection, Matched Filter Detection and Cyclostationary Detection. In this paper spectrum detection is done by using Cyclostationary detection which provide better results at low SNR in comparison to other techniques, DVB-T signal is used for finding Cyclostationary spectrum and detection of primary signal at different SNR values.
Read moreE-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life. “Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. "E-wastes are considered dangerous; ascertain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others are re-usable (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented.
Read moreThis paper defines various terminologies like failure, fault, faulty environment, fault tolerance, candidate node, redundancy, etc and explains fundamental concepts linked to fault tolerance in distributed systems. There are a lot of issues in distributed Computing system such as Emergent resource sharing, transparency, dependability, Complex mappings, concurrency, Fault tolerance etc. In this paper we focussed on the different fault tolerant approaches and fault tolerant terminologies used in distributed computing environment.
Read moreIn this paper, array of microstrip patch antenna is designed for communication in wireless application in L-BAND. Single element and 2x1 array of rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed and simulated by a full wave simulator (IE3D). Two rectangles of length 42mm and width 38.9mm with asymmetric slots is simulated. The design is fabricated on ground with relative permittivity (€r) of 2.2 and thickness 1.6mm. This design has a resonance frequency of 2.44 GHz and achieved a return loss of -41.4176dB. Coaxial feeding is used in this antenna design. Some other important parameters of simulated results of the proposed antenna such as Return loss, Smith chart, directivity, gain are also mentioned and discussed. The proposed design finds application in L-BAND especially in BLUETOOTH devices.
Read moreThe performance of a High Pass Filter (HPF) with and without Defected Ground Structure (DGS) was analyzed. The defected ground structure is circular etched shapes in ground plane. Comparison of the response of filter with and without DGS was done separately. Parameters of the proposed configuration were calculated at the centre frequency of 1.5 GHz and with dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02 and substrate height of 1.6mm. Results were simulated using computer simulation technology software (CST). The undesired sidebands and fluctuations of response were reduced by using defected ground structure (DGS).
Read moreThis work demonstrates integration of an artificial material onto a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna to improve its performance. Such antennas are gaining a high interest as system designer require more complex function to be implemented in reduced area. The artificial material used is commonly called “Metamaterial” or “Left-Handed-Metamaterial (LHM)” and it exhibit some peculiar electromagnetic properties that don’t exist in nature. So, when a microstrip patch antenna is integrated using Left-Handed-Metamaterial, potential parameters like return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain & efficiency etc. shows improvement. These antennas are cost-effective, more powerful and highly efficient in comparison to the basic microstrip antenna and have their applications in various commercial and military equipments. Proposed Antenna along with RMPA is designed to simulate at 2.4GHz. The designing and analysis has been done using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST-2010) software. The various parameters are compared and the results were deduced.
Read moreAuthors analyzed and explored a significant concept of micro-strip patch antenna configured by double negative left handed metamaterial structure. Basic aim of this paper is to explain the general properties of rectangular micro-strip patch antenna with metamaterial structure like return loss, bandwidth, directivity and Smith chart. In this paper authors have compared the return loss of the micro-strip patch antenna at a frequency of 2.26 GHz and height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane with “SLOTTED RHOMBUS” Shaped left-handed structure. It has been observed that the return loss has reduced by 25 dB approximately.
Read moreIn this paper, we discover an option for low power interconnect synthesis at the32nm node and beyond, using Fin-type Field-Effect Transistors (FinFETs) which are a promising substitute for bulk CMOS at the considered gate lengths. We consider a mechanism for improving FinFETs efficiency, called variable-supply voltage schemes. In this paper, we’ve illustrated the design and implementation of FinFET based 4x4 SRAM cell array by means of one bit 7T SRAM. FinFET based 7T SRAM has been designed and analysis have been carried out for leakage current, dynamic power and delay. For the validation of our design approach, output of FinFET SRAM array have been compared with standard CMOS SRAM and significant improvements are obtained in proposed model.
Read moreIn this paper, we discover an option for low power interconnect synthesis at the 32nm node and beyond, using Fin-type Field-Effect Transistors (FinFETs) which are a promising substitute for bulk CMOS at the considered gate lengths. We consider a mechanism for improving FinFETs efficiency, called variable-supply voltage schemes. In this paper, we’ve illustrated the design and implementation of FinFET based 4x4 SRAM cell array by means of one bit 7T SRAM. FinFET based 7T SRAM has been designed and analysis have been carried out for leakage current, dynamic power and delay. For the validation of our design approach, output of FinFET SRAM array have been compared with standard CMOS SRAM and significant improvements are obtained in proposed model.
Read moreIn this article a monopole leaky wave antenna is proposed. This article describe comparative analysis of leaky wave antenna with monopole leaky wave antenna .The configuration of the proposed LWA contains two parts: the conventional open structure LWA, the added monopole connected to the end of the LWA on a reduce ground plane, Because of the open structure of the LWA, the reflected power produces a large back lobe radiated backwardly. By using the method of the added monopole connected to the end of the antenna, the remainder power could radiate through the added monopole without reflecting at the end. This paper uses a monopole antenna which can improve the return loss, reduce the back lobe of proposed antenna. . Above antenna has become interesting due to their simple shape and geometry.This antenna has been simulated on electromagnetic simulator computer simulation technology (CST)Microwave suit software and results are analyzed at frequency 2.76 GHz.
Read moreNowadays a new area-based distributed mobile cache system and a sustainable distributed Geo-cast technology enables data caching temporarily in a designated local area using short-range communication technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. This system doesn’t need servers and infrastructure network. To enhance the short-range communications as a time-offset communication in a physical world the caching capability is needed. Due to this advantage it is sure to adopt a new location-based communication services. The proposed work is frames a developed middleware for a widespread embedded OS and a software development kit with an open application programming interface. The proposed middleware is expected to prompt the third-party developers to produce various applications using this platform and provided with some pseudo-code. And also explained the methods for using this platform by an implemented geo-location social game.
Read moreThis project studies the analysis of cascading of two rectangular waveguide of different cross-Section It also shows how to combine all the scattering matrices of a microwave circuit to obtain its overall scattering parameters of the circuit .Simulation of cascading of two rectangular waveguide with different dimensions by using HFSS and computer program in MATLAB is developed to calculate the S parameter of cascaded two rectangular waveguide. Finally above these two results are compared with the results obtained from the CASCADE. CASCADE is a highly efficient and accurate tool for designing 2-port waveguide components, RF windows, and waveguide systems. The program is very user-friendly and executes very rapidly on standard personal computers.
Read moreThe efficiency associated with mobile systems will depend on a good channel allocation method. Some sort of genetic algorithm (GA) dependant on distributed dynamic channel allocation model is offered. Mobile service stations (MSS) help to make every one of the channel allocation decision intended for mobile hosts in that cell based on the local information. Proposed model which reuses available channels more efficiently. A reserved pool associated with channels in each and every cell to make the model fault tolerant which allows any mobile or portable to continue communication with its mobile hosts within the absence of adequate channel within the cell. Therefore, the offered GA intended for distributed dynamic channel allocation to reinforce the spectral efficiency along with throughput of the cell network. Simulation results evaluate the performance of the distributed dynamic channel allocation based on genetic algorithm.
Read moreIn order to increase transmission line stability, control power flow and improve the security of transmission systems FACTS technology has been extensively employed. And these devices must be optimally placed in the transmission systems for their best usage. In this paper to control the congestion in the transmission lines we use DLUF (Disparity Line Utilization Factor) for the appropriate placement of IPFC. The difference between the percentages MVA utilization of each line connected to the same bus is determined by the DLUF. The IPFC is placed in the lines with maximum DLUF. Krill Herd Algorithm has been used for optimal tuning of IPFC for a multi objective function. The multi objective function comprises of minimization of active power loss, security margin, voltage deviation and capacity of installed IPFC. The effectiveness of proposed method is tested for IEEE–30 bus test system.
Read moreAs technology scales in nanometer regime leakage current are becoming important metric of comparable importance to leakage current for the analysis and design of complex logic circuits. In this paper, we did the comparative analysis of leakage current for carry look ahead logic circuits. The simulation results depicts that the proposed design leads to efficient in terms of standby leakage power. We have performed simulations using Cadence Spectre 90nm standard CMOS technology at room temperature with supply voltage of 1V.
Read moreThis paper investigates accurate and correct discrimination between individual and combined fingers movements using surface myoelectric signals, in order to control the different finger postures of a prosthetic hand. We have SEMG datasets with eight electrodes located on the human forearm and fifteen classes. Various feature sets are extracted and projected in a manner to ensure that maximum separation exists between the finger movements and then fed to the four different classifiers. Practical results along with the statistical significance tests proved the feasibility of the proposed approach with mean classification accuracy greater than 95% in finger movement classification.
Read moreIn this paper, design of a monitoring and fault diagnosis system in Wind Turbine based on CAN Bus have been described. The source of electrical energy is fossil fuels and also natural resources. The electrical energy can be produced by using fossil fuels but it is costlier than the natural resources. The natural resources like wind, thermal, Solar and tidal energy are utilized for the production of electrical energy. In present days the mostly wind energy is used as a natural resources which can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. But the wind turbine costs extremely higher and it is used in under different environment. Thus, it become necessary for wind turbine to be monitored frequently and it should be automated. This paper describes in detail the monitoring and fault diagnosis system using CAN interface for wind turbines. The parameters used for monitoring and CAN bus interface are described in detail.
Read moreseveral survey reports on vehicle accident say that, mostly accidents are happening due to Drunk and driving, driver’s drowsiness and, over speed. Unnecessary sudden parking of vehicles on highways at night time is another factor .If these mistakes are corrected accidents can be reduced to some extent. If accidents occurred, immediate first aid and treatment is necessary to save life. But if there is no neighbor the case may be severe. Keeping all these in mind a new system is proposed which can perform the necessary steps to prevent accident and incase if accident happened system will inform the owner and ambulance about this accident by tracking location using GPS and send text message using GSM. The designed system involves in two sections1. Monitoring 2.control. These two are two sequence of actions. In monitoring phase it detects alcohol consumption, steering wheel grip, engine Temperature measurement, accident detection and distance between front and corresponding vehicle .In controlling phase system responds automatically for the above abnormalities and controls the engine. system software is designed using “ RT kernel” and “Keil Micro vision 5” to be worked on the target board of LPC2148. This system makes vehicles as highly secured.
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