IJEER Vol no. 14, Issue 3


Robust Digital Watermarking for Multimedia Content Authentication in DWT-DCT Domain

Most of the existing single domain Watermarking schemes suffer with security of multimedia content. To address this limitation, a hybrid watermarking framework integrating DWT and DCT transforms is introduced in this study. The proposed approach initially applies the Arnold transform to the color cover image to strengthen data security through image scrambling. Subsequently, the encrypted image is decomposed using a single-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT), where the selected sub-bands (𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐻𝐻1) are utilized for further watermark embedding operations.

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Enhancing Precision Weed Management with Federated Learning-Based GAN and Transfer Learning

Precision weed management is critical to sustainable cotton production because overuse of herbicides can have detrimental environmental and health effects and increase production costs. The problem of weed recognition from field images is still difficult even with complex background, intra-class variation, class imbalance and limited number of images labeled for training. In this regard, this study proposes FedAgriGAN, a federated learning-based generative adversarial network to generate augmented cotton weed images and classify the images into the Cotton Weed ID15 dataset.

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Improved JAYA Optimization Based Adaptive Controller for UPQC to Solve Power Quality Issues

Power quality issues in distribution system network adversely affect the performance of modern power distribution systems. Although several compensation techniques have been reported in the literature to solve this problem, most of them address to solve voltage leads power quality and current leads power quality issues independently. However, this paper focuses on power quality issues raised by both voltage and current simultaneously. In this a Unified Power Quality Conditioner has been proposed to solve these issues. The proposed UPQC consists of a common DC link with a Series Active Power Filter and a Shunt Active Power Filter.

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An Isolated SEPIC DC-DC Converter for EV Charging Systems: Design, Simulation, and Feasibility Studies

This paper presents the design and simulation-based performance assessment of an isolated single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) for electric vehicle (EV) battery-charging applications. The proposed topology allows adjustable step-up/step-down voltage conversion with galvanic isolation to ensure excellent operational safety and grid-to-vehicle system reliability. The detailed design procedures are established for the passive elements, crucial coupling capacitors, and the high-frequency isolation transformer working at 50kHz to maintain tight output voltage regulation under wide input voltage changes.

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Performance Optimization of ZnO/TiO2/NPB Heterojunction for Visible-Blind UV Photodetectors via SCAPS-1D Simulation

This work presents a detailed numerical optimization of an ITO/ZnO/TiO₂/NPB heterostructure for visible-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetection. The device incorporates a thin TiO₂ interfacial layer between the inorganic ZnO electron transport layer and the organic NPB hole transport/absorbing layer. We systematically investigate the influence of layer thickness and doping and their corresponding dependency on the essential device performance characteristics in SCAPS-1D simulation tool, which is validated with available experimental data.

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Suppression of Reflector-Induced Resonance Detuning in a Compact Microstrip Antenna Using Offset Reflector Placement

The impact of reflector symmetry on the frequency stability of the proposed antenna, which employs three elliptical radiating elements printed on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (30 × 30 mm²) and operates around 5.7 GHz, is investigated using different reflector configurations. Full-wave simulations show that a centrally located metallic reflector increases the realized gain from 2.4 to 8.1 dBi; however, the operating resonance shifts downward by approximately 1 GHz, from 5.7 to 4.7 GHz, due to strong symmetric coupling between the antenna current and the image current on the reflector.

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Adaptive Polar-Coded LiFi-OFDM for UAV Communications

In this paper, we present a simulation study of a joint Polar-coded Adaptive OFDM-LiFi communication system for short-range UAV applications. The proposed framework integrates Arikan's polar codes (N=256, R=1/2) with a four-order adaptive modulation engine (BPSK/QPSK/16-QAM/64-QAM) governed by SNR-dependent switching thresholds derived from a BER target of 10⁻³.The increasing demand for energy and environmental concerns necessitate the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), particularly Photovoltaic (PV) systems, into modern power grids.

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Optimized Hybrid Energy Design for Load Management in Solar-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Rural Area

Among various energy-consuming sectors, transportation accounts for a significant contribution to global consumption, most of which is powered by conventional fossil-based sources. The growing urgency to address climate change, along with favorable international policies and technological advancements, has accelerated the transition to electric vehicles (EVs). However, this shift introduces new challenges, including the sustainable generation of electricity, managing increased loads on existing grids, and developing efficient EV charging infrastructure.

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Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Reconfigurable Antenna Based on a PIN Diode for IoT Applications

This paper describes a frequency-reconfigurable antenna that uses PIN diodes and a biasing circuit integrated into the same substrate. Designing compact frequency-reconfigurable antennas with stable multiband performance remains an important challenge for modern wireless and IoT applications. The proposed antenna is small and flexible, enabling operation over multiple frequency bands and modes.

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Computational Investigation of Interface Defects, Doping, and Emitter Thickness Effects in Front-and-Rear Illuminated Bifacial Heterojunction Solar Cells Using COMSOL Multiphysics

Bifacial silicon heterojunction (HJ) solar cells have attracted considerable attention due to their high efficiency and capability to utilize illumination from both front and rear sides. In this work, a bifacial HJ solar cell with the structure IMAI/n-a-Si:H/c-Si/p-a-Si:H/ITO is numerically investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics. The device performance is analyzed under front-side, rear-side, and simultaneous bifacial illumination by considering the effects of interface-trap density, donor concentration, and emitter thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer. An asymmetric interface-trap configuration is adopted, with 1010(cm-2) at the n-a-Si:H/c-Si interface and 109(cm-2) at the c-Si/p-a-Si:H interface. Based on the investigated parameter ranges, a donor concentration of 5.1020(cm-3) is selected as the reference value, while an emitter thickness of 5 nm provides the best photovoltaic performance within the investigated thickness range.

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High Impedance Fault Detection in Power Systems: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines

One of the biggest challenges in modern day electrical power distribution systems is high impedance faults (HIFs). They are usually caused by a conductor touching a high resistance area like vegetation, tree branches or ground. The nonlinearity of a HIF, its random and asymmetric nature and its comparatively small magnitudes make it difficult to detect with conventional protection devices, and it is often difficult to tell if a HIF is occurring.

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Harmonic Mitigation in Power Systems Using an ANN-Driven Shunt Active Power Filter: A Simulation-Based Study

This paper proposal a design-based artificial neural network (ANN) control approach for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) implemented to a three-phase nonlinear load system. Harmonic variables are extracted from the load current by a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and provide to a feed forward ANN that generates three phase compensating current references. The ANN-SAPF is implementation in MATLAB/design under steady-state sudden load fluctuation and asymmetrical load conditions.

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Morphological and RR-Interval Features for ECG Arrhythmia Classification: A Comparative Study of Intra-Patient and Inter-Patient Evaluation

Heartbeat classification on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database is commonly evaluated with beat-level cross-validation, which places beats from the same subject in both training and test sets. In this work, we evaluate a 61-dimensional heartbeat representation under both that protocol and record-level separation, and compare the two. Each beat is described by 60 signal samples spanning 166.7 ms around the R-peak and one RR interval. Under beat-level five-fold cross-validation, a Random Forest reaches 98.42% accuracy and 95.44% macro-F1 across five classes.

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Secure Medical Image Transmission based on Confidence-Adaptive Chaos Encryption (CACE) over Healthcare IoT Networks

Secure transmission of medical images over IoT networks requires strong encryption and maintenance of diagnostic value. To overcome this, this paper proposes an adaptive approach called Confidence-Adaptive Chaos Encryption (CACE) that is based on the SVM classifier confidence for choosing the strength of encryption for each image. Five rounds of the 4D chaotic Chen system are used for images classified as abnormal while only one round is used for those classified as normal with a high confidence. This is an adaptive method that performs a 19.65% decrease in the number of executed encryptions rounds relative to fixed five-round processing; end-to-end timing displayed no net latency benefit (the classifier overhead dominates), so the contribution is an adaptive cryptographic workload allocation instead of an acceleration.

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Harmonic Analysis of the Magnetomotive Force in Combined Windings of Induction Motors

This study examines the variation of magnetomotive force (MMF) distribution and its harmonic spectrum during the transition from a conventional winding configuration to a combined winding. The MMF waveform is constructed according to the instantaneous current directions in the winding conductors, resulting in a stepped integral MMF waveform. Slot width and slot skew are neglected, and the current in each slot is assumed to be concentrated at a single point. The resulting MMF distribution is symmetrical about the horizontal axis, ensuring equal positive and negative areas.

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Depth Map Reconstruction in Underwater Robotic Vision using Gradient Spanning Trees and Boundary Segmentation

Underwater robotic vision robot encounters͏ multiple challenges. Light is absorbed and scattered resulting in depth perception difficulties. The complexity of underwater scenes is worsened due to low texture, plain color, and irregular object boundaries. Hence, this article proposes a new algorithm to reconstruct disparity maps or depth maps from a stereo vision system used for underwater robotic vehicles. Fundamentally, there are four stages to develop the algorithm which are matching cost computation, cost aggregation, depth selection and depth refinement.

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Enhanced Disturbance Observer-Based Sliding Mode Control for Precise Trajectory Tracking of Liquid-Carrying Robots on Uncertain Terrains

This paper investigates a high-precision trajectory tracking control strategy for differential-drive tanker robots subject to the combined effects of liquid sloshing dynamics and mixed-terrain disturbances. A key challenge in this application arises from the contrasting characteristics of different payload regimes: while a full tank presents maximum total mass and inertia, a half-filled tank (50% partial-load) possesses an expanded free-surface area that facilitates larger wave oscillations (exhibiting peak transient amplitudes near -0.28" m" , compared to approximately -0.22" m" under full load).

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Error Signal Based Method for Real Time Pitch Extraction from Noisy Speech

Pitch estimation efficiency always gets affected by two major phenomena. The first one is additive noise which by nature are not correlated with the source speech signal. The second one is the vocal tract effect which creates unnecessary peaks within the signal waveform, resulting inaccurate detection of the pitch value. This paper proposes a Modified Weighted Autocorrelation Function (MWAF) executed in the Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) residual domain, instead of directly executing over the noisy source speech signal.

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