Articles published in Volume 13

Volume 13

Enhanced Performance of E-STATCOM Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for Grid-Connected Wind Systems Under Dynamic Fault Conditions

This Paper introduces an advanced approach to enhancing the efficiency of grid-connected wind cogeneration systems by replacing conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers with fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) for the Voltage Source Converter (VSC). Integrating renewable energy sources into power grids poses several challenges, particularly in maintaining the stability of the electrical distribution network (EDN). To address these issues, this work employs points of common coupling (CCP) and two-level converters with Dual Active Bridge (DAB) technology to integrate storage modules effectively.

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Design and Implementation of Direct Torque Control of IPMSM Drive using Three-Level Inverter and FPGA for Electric Vehicle

This study introduces the design and implementation for Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) with Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) configuration inverter for Electrical Vehicle (EV). In contrast to conventional DTC, a new DTC algorithm of drive system is proposed that endowed unified torque/flux responses with precise control levels of multiple voltage vectors. The proposed drive unified inverter states for obtaining faster dynamic torque. Consequently, the DTC scheme inspected with suppresses steady state torque ripples. The main design features of the IPMSM drive are self-regulated flux and hardware implementation for EV.

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Binary Gravitational Search Based Algorithm for Optimal DG and Capacitor Allocation Along with Network Reconfiguration in Radial Distribution Systems

The Binary Gravitational Search Algorithm (BGSA) is a multi-purpose optimization technique presented in this research that may be used to identify the best capacity, position DG modules and capacitor groups, and reconfigure networks in distribution systems. The objective function has six performance indices: section load ability, voltage deviation, voltage stability index, dynamic and sensitive losses, and balancing current index. The optimization problem's objective function takes into account both the relevance of each indication and its combination.

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Hybrid Design of Phase Frequency Detector Applied in Phase Locked Loop to Eliminate Dead and Blind Zones

This paper presents a hybrid design and simulation of a Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) which eliminates the effects of the blind and the dead zones for a charge-pump phase-locked loop (CP_PLL). These parameters limit the detection range of the PLL since they occur at zero and 2π phase differences respectively. Two XOR gates have been added to the conventional D-Flip-flop PFD to eliminate both parameters simultaneously. The proposed system has been simulated using Multisim 14.3 and tested using a 10 MHz input frequency. The simulation results show the system is free of dead and blind zones.

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Transfer Efficiency Enhancement using Double Negative Metamaterial in Wireless Power Transfer System

Recently, there have been a lot of inventions and development in the field of wireless power transfer (WPT), which has increased the need for WPT systems with high power transfer efficiency (PTE) and longer transmission distances for end users. However, several of the presently accessible WPT systems exhibit restricted PTE and transmission range as a result of their utilization of inductive coupling. In addition, the PTE experiences a significant decline as the separation between the transmitter and receiver coils grows while employing this methodology. Hence, this study presents a proposal for the design of inductive WPT using metamaterials (MTMs) to improve PTE through the manipulation of magnetic field refraction.

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Modelling and Simulation of Multi-Level Inverters Utilizing Alternate Phase Disposition (APOD) PWM Modulation in MATLAB/Simulink

In recent times, the growing demand for enhanced industrial applications and the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) have led to a requirement for higher power equipment. Certain applications, such as medium voltage motor drives and utility systems, now demand the utilization of medium voltage and megawatt drivers. To address these needs, the concept of multi-level inverter topologies has been introduced, particularly for medium and high-power applications. The evolution of multilevel converters, starting with three levels to achieve elevated power levels, has given rise to various topologies.

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Investigation of Discontinuous PWM Schemes for Power Loss Minimization in SiC Three-Phase Inverter

SiC inverters are considered highly attractive in power electronic applications such as electric vehicles, industrial motor drives, and photovoltaic (PV) systems. These SiC-based inverters present greater thermal conductivity, enabling operation at higher temperatures, frequencies, and voltages with reduced losses. This study utilizes the PLECS platform to analyze and simulate power losses in SiC inverter under two decided assumptions.

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Impact on Breakdown Voltage for AlGaN Channel E-HEMT Device used with the DC Boost Converter Circuit

In this paper, the impact on breakdown performance is demonstrated by the coupled operation of the E-mode AlGaN Channel HEMT for DC Boost Converter Circuit. CAD optimization of individual devices on the process and E-mode HEMT device level affects the circuit performance DC Boost Converter Circuit. The field plate length of Fp=2.7 µm results in the steady current at the voltage of VBV=790 V, whereas the field plate length of 3.6 µm results breakdown voltage of more than 1k volts. Circuit voltages at various nodes, Current in HEMT and SBD for switching cycle, and also the power dissipation is evaluated for two various doping concentrations 3E15(/cm3) and 9E15(/cm3).

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A Tiered Control Strategy for Energy Management in PEMFC Hybrid Systems for Distributed Power and Vehicle Applications

This paper presents an optimized energy configuration using a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the primary power source, paired with a battery and supercapacitor for storage. This hybrid system, designed for modern distributed generation and next-gen fuel cell vehicles, achieves energy balance through DC bus voltage regulation. The supercapacitor, with high power density and fast response, stabilizes the DC bus voltage, while the battery, valued for its high energy density, continually recharges the supercapacitor. The fuel cell, with a slower response, ensures the battery remains charged.

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Design and Analysis of a Transformer-Integrated Multilevel Inverters for Solar Energy Systems

This work presents the design and implementation of a transformer-integrated multilevel inverter for photovoltaic (PV) power applications. The proposed topology combines the benefits of multilevel inverters and transformer integration to enhance efficiency, reliability, and power quality in PV systems. Traditional multilevel inverters often encounter issues such as complex control schemes, high component count, and significant harmonic distortion. This innovative design addresses these challenges by incorporating a transformer, which simplifies the control strategy and provides galvanic isolation, improving system safety and grid compatibility. The system uses a PV array as the input supply, directly generating DC power, which is then converted to AC through the multilevel inverter

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PI Backstepping Control of a Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Backstepping control is a systematic technique for stabilizing nonlinear systems, particularly Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs), by addressing their coupled electrical and mechanical dynamics. This Lyapunov-based approach allows for the design of control laws in a step-by-step manner, enhancing stability and performance under uncertainties. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the PI Backstepping (PI-BS) Controller for speed regulation of PMSMs, showing significant improvements in dynamic performance, stability, and disturbance rejection compared to the Gain-Scheduled PI (GSPI) Controller. The control design focuses on rotor speed regulation through q-axis current, ensuring global asymptotic stability via Lyapunov criteria.

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Deep Learning-Driven Behavioral Analysis for Real-Time Threat Detection and Classification in Network Traffic

With the evolution of digital spaces, cyber threats now evolve to more complex forms, requiring innovative solutions for real-time intrusion detection and classification for network traffic. Cybersecurity is also critical for building resilient infrastructure, which is one of the goals of the United Nations, which emphasizes secure and sustainable digital ecosystems. This research proposes a framework powered by deep learning that employs an enhanced fully connected neural network (EFNN) to analyze behavior and detect threats. The proposed algorithm, Enhanced Fully Connected Neural Network-Based Threat Detection (EFNN-TD), fuses advanced data preprocessing with FCBF-based feature selection and SMOTE-based handling of class imbalance.

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Advanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Fault Distance Prediction in Optical Fibres

It is necessary to estimate the value of distances to faults in the optical fibres for proper functioning and fault diagnosis of the fibre optic systems. This research proposes a comparison of result outcomes within numerous categories of machine learning algorithms such as Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) on a new and emerging Fibre Optic Fault Distance Dataset. Given dataset contains sequenced OTDR signatures corresponding to different types as well as positions of the faults. The data then went through data pre-processing and was separated into training and test sets where models were trained from 80% of the data and tested on 20%.

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A Switched Capacitor – Inductor High Gain DC-DC Converter for Solar PV Applications

A new switched capacitor-inductor high-voltage gain DC-DC boost converter is presented in this work. A switched-inductor cell is used at input side of the suggested converter to lessen input current source ripples, which is a crucial issue in PV systems for high-reliability applications. To further increase voltage-gain and reduced voltage stress across the converter's power switches, a switched-capacitor cell is employed at the output side of the converter. This is a critical component in applications like to extended lifespan of the PV panel and other suggested converter parts, especially semiconductor devices. To validate the efficacy of the presented DC-DC converter, extensive simulations are conducted by using PSIM simulation tools.

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A Novel Performance Probability Model for Capacity Assessment of Communication Channels in 5G Wireless Mobile Networks

Capacity assessment of communication channels in 5G wireless mobile networks is essential for optimizing wireless networks for data-intensive applications. Capacity assessment can help determine optimal channel conditions by considering the effects of various physical characteristics such as noise, interference, spectrum limitation, and subscriber density. Additionally, capacity assessment can help identify and characterize the critical technical challenges likely to limit the performance of a wireless network and identify areas for improvement. The novel Performance Probability Model (PPM) for capacity assessment of communication channels in 5G wireless mobile networks is a powerful tool for accurately predicting the future performance of 5G networks. It considers various performance factors such as interference levels, data rates, transmission range, and available spectrum.

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Enhancing Solar Energy Efficiency Integrating Neural Networks with Maximum Power Point Tracking Systems

This paper investigates the integration of artificial neural networks (ANN) into Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems to enhance the efficiency and performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Conventional MPPT controllers, such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance, often face challenges in maintaining optimal efficiency under rapidly changing environmental conditions. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative approach leveraging the adaptive learning capabilities of ANN. Extensive datasets, including solar irradiance, temperature, and power output under various conditions, were collected to design and train the ANN model. The ANN architecture features a multilayer structure with advanced activation functions, enabling effective handling of the nonlinear behavior of solar PV systems.

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Ultra-High Photosensitivity of Nb₂O₅/Ge Prepared via Direct Current Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Technique

The primary objective of this research is to fabricate and evaluate Nb₂O₅ thin films prepared via DC (direct current) reactive magnetron sputtering at target powers of 25 W, 50 W, and 75 W, deposited on quartz substrates and Ge wafers. The structural and morphological characteristics of the fabricated Nb₂O₅ thin films were analyzed using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), while their electrical and optical properties were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and I-V (current-voltage) tests. XRD results confirmed a natural polycrystalline structure with a hexagonal lattice, while FE-SEM imaging revealed uniform deposition and strong dependence of nanostructure size and configuration on deposition parameters. EDS (Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis showed an increase in Nb content with higher sputtering power.

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Precise Models for Power Loss Analysis in a 15-level Asymmetric Reduced Switch Inverter

In the examination of power converters, power losses are the most important metrics, and since they are approximated well enough, they have a considerable influence on both economic and technical evaluations. In comparison to high-switching frequency modulation, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate that switching and conduction losses, which are both types of power losses, are much lower in low-frequency switching modulation. Phase Disposition (PD), a pulse width modulation (PWM) method that is based on high-frequency multi-carriers, and Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHEPWM), which operates at a fundamental switching frequency, are the two switching modulation techniques that will be utilized in this investigation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the power losses that occur in an asymmetric multi-level energy converter that has fifteen levels of reduced switches. To determine the switching losses that occur in multi-level inverters, a MATLAB Simulink model has been constructed. The PLECS software was used to construct the thermal model of the recommended inverter, which would further facilitate in-depth research. A comparison of the switching losses and conduction losses of the proposed inverter system is carried out by this study via the use of the PLECS thermal model and MATLAB simulation.

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Smart Meter Utilizing Fuzzy Logic and IoT

Smart systems are utilized for home applications to enhance the protection reliability and cost economy. The main challenges of a smart system are time process, decision reliability, fault classification, and the ability to connect with the Internet of Things (IoT). In this proposal, a smart system power meter will be designed using artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT. The fuzzy logic with the microcontroller and the internet application are system parameters. Results show that the cost and fault of the power are successfully classified and discovered via fuzzy logic to notify the customer about the situations of home power. The system manages the home power cost and protects the home’s devices from damage.

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Simulation and Modeling of Position Control for an X-Configuration Quadcopter Using PID Controller

Quadcopters are gaining popularity in UAV platforms within the control community because of their intricate dynamics and significant potential in outside applications, owing to their advantages over conventional aerial vehicles. This work introduces the mathematical modeling of a basic quadcopter using an X-configuration and simulates its target position using MATLAB. A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is designed for controlling the position and stabilizing the attitude of the quadcopter. The quadcopter's underactuated nature allows this PID controller to maneuver the vehicle in three dimensions and adjust the yaw angle to the required values while stabilizing the pitch and roll angles. T

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Implementation of Pass Transistor Logic and C2MOS Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Circuit using FPGA and PSpice

In this paper, a 4-bit Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is implemented based on a well-designed architecture combining using Pass-Transistor (PT) and Clock Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS) logic techniques. The D-flip flop registers and the XOR gates are the main parts of the propose LFSR. Number of transistors along with the speed of LFSR were positively enhanced since the exploited logic design techniques tends to blend the flavor of NMOS and PMOS devices. The PSpice and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based on Hardware Description Language (HDL) are the two different LFSR implementation environments. It has been observed that LFSR performance was effectively improved in terms of size and speed. Therefore, paper’s main aim refers to decreasing in number of transistors as well as speeding up LFSR circuit. A minimum clock time of 5ns was recorded under clearly correct LFSR output patterns.

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Enhanced Luo Converter for Low Component Stress in DC-DC Power Conversion for Fuel Cell Powered BLDC Motor Drive

Fuel cell powered BLDC motor drive for electric vehicle is the cleaner energy conversion solution with higher efficiency. DC-DC power conversion in this drive plays a significant role in adoptability, efficiency and reliability of the overall drive. This paper presents an enhanced Luo converter for increased voltage gain with additional multiplier stage and reduced capacitor voltage stress owing to reduced clamping voltage. T

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Implementation of DC-DC Boost & Luo Converters for Photovoltaic Applications

Renewables are eco-friendly, of them solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing in popularity as a means to directly transform solar radiation into electricity. Installing a PV array is simple, and the ongoing decline in the price of PV modules provides a support as renewable energy source. As the globe continues to deplete its fossil fuel reserves, discussions about alternative, renewable energy sources are heating up. Due to its quiet operation, low maintenance requirements, and lack of emissions, the photovoltaic (PV) power system is quickly rising to the top of the renewable energy industry.

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Performance Improvement of PMSM Using PID and GA-PID Controllers

A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is widely used in AC servo drives because of its high-power density and high torque for industrial applications, with a wide range of applications. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor is modeled, and simulation is used in MATLAB's Simulink. After representing the motor mathematically with the transfer function according to characteristics suitable for applications similar to the proposed characteristics. This paper proposes using PID to improve the performance of PMSM. Then, the genetic algorithm, an optimization method, is used to adjust the P, I, and D parameters. Simulation tests are conducted for an open and closed system circuit without control and with control. The outcomes are contrasted with conventional PID controller tuning by genetic algorithm.

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Extending the Hopf Bifurcation Limit Using Power System Stabilizer in a Two Area Power System Having Huge Industrial Loads

he phenomenon of Hopf bifurcation is observed in several engineering and non-engineering domains which use both linear and nonlinear dynamic models. One parameter and two parameter variations of set of Differential Algebraic Equations of Kundur two area system was explored in this manuscript assisted with eight different cases to have detailed insight into Hopf bifurcation by modelling the load buses with industrial loads.

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Adaptive Predictive Control with Non-Integral Voltage Monitoring for Enhanced Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filters

This paper presents a hybrid control strategy that integrates Adaptive Predictive Deadbeat Current Control with a Non-Integral AC Capacitor Voltage Monitoring Method to enhance the performance and reliability of Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filters (SHAPFs). The proposed approach combines the precision and fast dynamic response of predictive deadbeat control for harmonic compensation with a novel non-integral method for calculating the AC capacitor voltage, mitigating the risk of overvoltage without the accumulation of errors typical in integral-based methods. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements over traditional methods. The proposed approach reduces Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from 21% to 2.8%, achieving a improvement over conventional PI-based controllers.

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Data Mining in Power System Fault Identification using Artificial Intelligence

This paper presents a power system fault identification method by simultaneously applying the Kendall and Spearman correlation coefficients for feature selection, combined with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to enhance accuracy and optimize training time. Experimental results indicate that Kendall demonstrates superior performance in handling nonlinear data and mitigating the impact of outliers, leading to more optimal fault identification outcomes. Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models are trained on datasets after feature selection using both correlation coefficients.

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Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Chaotic and Permutation Schemes for Image Transmission Based MC-CDMA

The demand for more reliable and efficient multimedia data transfer through wireless communications channels is escalating. However, multimedia data, such as images, suffers significantly from wireless channel effects, including interference, fading, and burst errors. The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) technology is regarded as the most efficient method for data transfer across wireless networks, supporting multiple users simultaneously without requiring an expansion of the frequency band. This paper employs permutation and hybrid chaotic techniques to demonstrate image transmission performance over the MC-CDMA network.

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Optimizing Configurable Logic Blocks with Advanced Error-Resilient Circuits for Low-Power FPGA Systems

This paper aims at enhancing configurable logic blocks (CLBs) in FPGA systems through incorporating more complex error-tolerant circuits and power control strategies. The architecture of the Presented FPGA considered in this study has been designed using MATLAB simulation and is tailored for low power consumption and high reliability. Power management is another feature implemented in the system through Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) to improve electrical power usage essentially by 20%-25% at low load”. The fault tolerance is implemented through incorporating ECC and TMR into CLBs to render the system capable of tolerating with faults and still work efficiently.

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Performance Driven Outlier Detection in Health-Care Data: A Hybrid Approach Using Dual-Feature Optimization and Segmentation Techniques

The healthcare sector is a domain where the implementation of human-centered design approaches and concepts can significantly impact well-being and patient care. Delivering superior medical care necessitates a profound comprehension of an individual's desires, encounters, and interests. This study examined the quantitative evaluation and utilization of MRI scans for preoperative conditions of the brain, lungs, and heart. However, identifying these intricate compositions is a formidable challenge. Traditional diagnostic methods are laborious and rely heavily on the clinical expertise of radiologists. This research proposes a non-invasive automatic diagnosis system for diseases utilizing hybrid deep learning approaches, specifically LSTM & PSO (Long Short-Term Memory & Particle Swarm Optimization), to improve the efficiency of outlier detection.

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Application of LSTM and GRU Neural Networks in Forecasting the Power Output of Wind Power Plant

This paper proposes the application of artificial intelligence to forecast the generation capacity of wind power plants by processing data through noise reduction and filtering. It subsequently employs Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural networks for training, testing, and evaluation. Processing the initial data will help minimize noise and reduce the data space. The study focuses on preprocessing methods and selecting the appropriate neural network between LSTM and GRU. The initial data processing will assess the similarity through the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The data used in the paper is taken from local wind turbines.

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Numerical Simulation on Charge Transport in Polyethylene with Field-Dependent Parameters Under DC Electric Field

During the past few years, the use of HVDC cables has increased exponentially. However, the accumulation of space charges within insulating materials remains a major challenge. Understanding the mechanisms governing this phenomenon is key to improving HVDC performance. This goal is often achieved through numerical simulations. Therefore, it is imperative that they are performed efficiently. In this work, a bipolar charge transport (BCT) model is used to offer a physical description of space charge behavior in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under a high DC electric field. This model includes injection, migration, trapping, dettraping and recombination charges with parameters dependent on the electric field such as mobility, trapping, and recombination.

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Analysis of Copper and Iron Loss Interactions in a 15 kW Three-Phase Induction Motor under Variable Operating Conditions

This research presents an innovative contribution to the field of induction motor efficiency optimization by analyzing the complex interactions between copper and iron losses in a 15 kW three-phase induction motor under variable operating conditions (10–60 Hz).

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An Improved UFLD-V2 Lane Line Recognition Method

Lane line recognition remains a crucial component of autonomous driving, particularly under complex scenarios involving illumination changes and occlusions. This paper presents a structurally efficient and robust improvement of the UFLD-V2 architecture, designed for real-time and reliable lane detection. The proposed method integrates three lightweight yet complementary components: (1) Res2Net, replacing the original ResNet backbone, enhances multi-scale feature extraction and inference efficiency through reparameterization; (2) an Efficient Multi-scale Attention (EMA) module captures fine-grained contextual details across varying scene complexities; and (3) the Simple Attention Module (SimAM) is applied in the segmentation head to suppress background noise and improve localization accuracy.

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Real-Time Traffic Light Optimization Using Yolov9 and Length-Based Metrics

The Indian traffic control system faces lots of difficulties due to the increasing volume of vehicles, ineffective systems for traffic administration during peak hours, and the frequent need for manual intervention due to the inadequate performance of traffic signals in managing heavy traffic flow. Traditional traffic lights in India have defined timings for each lane, which frequently cause longer traffic jams in lanes with more traffic. This study presents an intelligent traffic control system that incorporates the YOLOv9 model for real-time traffic length prediction and intelligently allocates green, red, and orange signal timings. YOLOv9 builds a bounding box that allows it to compute vehicle density precisely by enclosing the initial and final cars in every frame.

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A Lightweight CNN Architecture for Efficient Brain Tumor Detection in MRI Scans

The intricate morphology of brain tumors poses significant diagnostic challenges in MRI interpretation. While AI-driven systems offer potential for automation, balancing accuracy with computational efficiency remains critical for clinical adoption. This work introduces a lightweight convolutional neural network optimized for brain tumor detection and classification in MRI scans. The architecture’s design emphasizes a systematic exploration of layer-ordering strategies, with experiments revealing that batch normalization in post-activation mode (Post-BN) outperforms Pre-BN in training stability and classification accuracy.

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Tunable Triple-Notched Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter for Efficient In-Band and Out-of-Band Interference Mitigation

This study analyzes the growing need for effective in-band and out-of-band interference mitigation in ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. We present a novel microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) with changeable triple-notched bands that preserves a large passband and a higher stopband. The filter comprises a multimode resonator (MMR) architecture that incorporates a hollow T-shaped structure that generates two transmission zeros at the passband boundaries, thereby boosting selectivity.

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Design of Fractal Antenna For S-Band and X-Band Applications

A fractal antenna that can be used for S-band and X-band applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna is able to be easily integrated into naval radar systems. The antenna is made up of fractal structures that are cross-shaped and organized in stairwell-like repetitions. It is a two-port antenna that receives its feed via coaxial cable. Meta materials are integrated into the design to achieve bidirectional gain and reduce mutual coupling.

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Performance Analysis of Tera Hertz Frequencies on Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for 6G Communications

The rapid advancements toward 6G networks have powered interest in the terahertz (THz) frequency band due to its potential for delivering ultra-high data rates. It provides massive connectivity. However, THz communication faces significant challenges. It includes high path loss, molecular absorption and blockage sensitivity. These are severely degrading signal quality over distance. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) emerged as a promising solution to address these issues. IRSs reflect and direct signals to desired locations. This improves communication quality. It does not require extra power sources.

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Optimized Fuzzy SVM with Chaotic Henry Gas Solubility Algorithm for Fault Identification in Rotating Machinery

Reliable and accurate fault diagnosis in rotating machinery is vital for minimizing unplanned downtime, reducing maintenance costs, and ensuring operational safety in industrial environments. Traditional diagnostic approaches depend heavily on manual feature extraction from vibration signals, which can be time-consuming, expertise-dependent, and prone to missing subtle fault patterns. This study presents a novel hybrid framework—IDL-OFSVM—that combines Intelligent Deep Learning (IDL) with an Optimized Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (OFSVM) for automated fault classification. Vibration signals are first transformed using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), and deep features are extracted via the lightweight MobileNet architecture.

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Allocate Compatible Locations of TCSC in Baghdad City: A Case Study

Power systems are generally required to operate near their maximum capacity. Thus, there is an increased focus on improving real power system capacities through the installation of novel devices, including the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTs). This paper discusses the optimal incorporation of thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in the 400 kV Baghdad grid of the Iraqi network as a suggested method to control the power transfer of a transmission line (TL) and suppress Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR).

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Analysis of Constant Losses of Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor with Different Types of Eccentricity Under No Load Operating Condition

This research investigates the core loss of a 5 HP three-phase squirrel cage induction motor across different levels of three types of eccentricities (static, dynamic, and mixed) utilizing Ansys Maxwell software. The simulation outcomes for core losses are compared with analytical core loss values. No load and loss separation tests conducted under healthy conditions and at 12% static, 12% dynamic, and 12% mixed eccentricities to determine constant loss and isolate the core loss from constant loss.

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IntelligentGuard: Smart Doorbell with Deep Learning for Secure User Recognition and Instant Notifications

In the modern world, daily activities are heavily reliant on the Internet. This study aims to provide users with a simple, personalized technology that effectively manages visitor interactions. The primary objectives are to operate the doorbell intelligently and notify users about visitors by sending a notification with an image of an unknown visitor. This system introduces a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) smart doorbell designed to enhance home security, utilizing a Raspberry Pi and a camera sensor. Camera sensor is used to capture images in front of the doorbell, which are then processed by the Raspberry Pi and sent to the server.

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Optimizing MPPT Extraction in Hybrid Energy Systems Using an Adaptive PSO Topology

In the modern world, daily activities are heavily reliant on the Internet. This study aims to provide users with a simple, personalized technology that effectively manages visitor interactions. The primary objectives are to operate the doorbell intelligently and notify users about visitors by sending a notification with an image of an unknown visitor. This system introduces a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) smart doorbell designed to enhance home security, utilizing a Raspberry Pi and a camera sensor. Camera sensor is used to capture images in front of the doorbell, which are then processed by the Raspberry Pi and sent to the server.

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Designing Smart Perturb and Observe MPPT Controller for 150W Off-Grid PV System

Studying the introduction design of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) system with a disturbance-and-observation (P&O)-based algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an important topic for improving the performance of solar energy systems. The efficient energy system is designed by using solar photovoltaic panels consisting of a number of cells, using P and O algorithms for effective tracking of maximum power, and performing comparative analysis using the traditional model without the MPPT algorithm.

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Design Patch Antenna at Wi-Fi Applications for Detection Breast Cancer Tumors

The development in the science of communications technology in the medical fields has led to the use of patch antennas for applications in biomedical applications and for the Wi-Fi band, which ensures reliable results for detecting tumors. Antenna is deliberate using Rojers R03203 with 0.75 mm for thickness of the substrate and 3.02 for the permittivity. The actual size of this antenna is (36⋅58 ⋅0.75) mm.

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Performance Analysis of Blockage Detection in 6G Wireless Networks

This paper presents a proactive blockage detection algorithm and performance for sub-terahertz (sub-THz) communication systems. It is a critical technology for next-generation wireless networks. Human body blockage is a significant challenge for millimeter wave and sub-THz systems.

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An Efficient Method for Object Detection with Automatic Illumination Correction

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and computer vision have led to the automation of many conventional surveillance techniques, especially in smart city applications. However, object detection systems often struggle in poorly lit environments and may suffer from slow processing speeds. To address these restrictions, this paper proposes an adaptive illumination correction technique using an enhanced Logarithmic Image Processing model. The method improves object visibility in low-light video frames and enhances detection performance. Additionally, a customized deep convolutional neural network is developed to accurately detect objects after applying the illumination correction. The combined framework is evaluated on standard datasets and demonstrates superior robustness to varying illumination conditions compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. The results show significant improvements in metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F-measure, proving the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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Random Forest Algorithm based on Life Assessment and Reliability Test Procedures for Relays used in Circuit Breaker Operating Mechanisms

The essential parts of the circuit breaker working system is the relay which is susceptible to performance deterioration when operating in extreme conditions like salt spray. This can eventually impair the circuit breakers functionality and compromise the power system's ability to function effectively and consistently. This study used an existing test structure to conduct rapidly deteriorating tests on a specific design of additional switch under salt spray in order to assess the relay's lifetime condition effectively. As distinctive parameters impacted by salt spray, contact resistance, pickup voltage, release voltage, pickup time, release time and coil resistance of the relay were examined. The results demonstrated that the presence of salt spray reduced the coil effectiveness of the relay, necessitating a higher operating voltage in order to supply the electromagnetic force required for functioning. Moreover, actual and predicted lifetime from individual parameter is calculated. However, coil deterioration also led to a reduction in the electromagnetic force that the step voltage produced, which lengthened the operating period. A Random Forest algorithm model was then created that was appropriate for determining the relay status in this investigation. The existing Gradient Boosting, XGBoost algorithm is compared with proposed method to analyze the performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, R2 score, specificity, sensitivity, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is determined.

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Multirate Output Feedback Control for Enhanced Position Control of Rotary Servo Motion Plant (SRV02)

This paper presents an experimental exploration of position control techniques applied to a Rotary Motion Servo Plant (SRV02), employing output feedback controllers. The transfer function model of the SRV02 is derived through first principles. Output feedback controllers, specifically Position Velocity (PV) and Multirate Output Feedback (MOF), are formulated and designed. The study evaluates the efficacy of these controllers in real-world scenarios for positioning control of the SRV02. A comparative analysis between PV and MOF controllers was conducted, assessing their static and dynamic characteristics. The results, obtained from both simulation and experimental setups, illustrate the superiority of MOF over PV controller in achieving precise position control of the SRV02. The findings of this study not only validate the effectiveness of MOF in position control applications but also provide insights into the practical implementation of output feedback controllers for enhancing the performance of rotary motion servo systems like SRV02.

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YOLOv8-SOR: A Small-Object-Responsive Road Obstacle Detection Model using RepVGG and Swin Transformer

Accurate and efficient road obstacle detection is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous and assisted driving systems. However, current object detection models, including YOLOv8, often encounter difficulties in accurately detecting small obstacles and balancing detection precision with inference speed. To address these challenges, we propose an improved YOLOv8-based detection framework featuring three key enhancements: (1) the backbone is redesigned using RepVGG modules to accelerate inference through structural re-parameterization without compromising feature representation; (2) an additional small-object detection head at the P2 feature level is introduced to significantly enhance sensitivity towards small-scale obstacles; (3) a Swin Transformer module is integrated into the final stage of the backbone to improve global contextual understanding and semantic feature extraction. Extensive experiments conducted on a comprehensive, multi-source road obstacle dataset demonstrate that our proposed model achieves superior performance with a precision of 0.812, recall of 0.782, mAP@0.5 of 0.822, and mAP@0.5:0.95 of 0.588. Additionally, it maintains a real-time inference speed of 180 FPS on an NVIDIA H800 GPU. The results confirm the efficacy of our approach, particularly in enhancing small object detection in complex real-world traffic scenarios.

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Passive Voltage Regulation System for Remote Power Tapping from High-Voltage Transmission OHGW

It is a real challenge to bring reliable and stable power to remote locations, critical facilities such as telecommunication towers, because it is costly and challenging to expand the conventional power distribution networks. In this paper, a new power supply system is proposed that can overcome this problem by exploiting common overhead ground wire (OHGW) energy transmission lines that run high-voltage (HV). The principle of action is that the system isolates a portion of the OHGW and applies an alternating current (AC) voltage to it by capacitively coupling it to the phase conductors of a transmission line. To take an example, a 4-km span of OHGW on a 735 kV line can produce a maximum power of 25 kW of power which is modelled as a 52.4 kV Thevenin source with the capacitive impedance as 26nF. The main problem is to achieve a stable output voltage (within 5%) across a large load range (0 to 25 kW) without the need for complex control systems, power electronics and so on. To obtain good regulation, this problem is solved using a mix of passive components, nonlinear inductances, and a unique magnetic component, IVACE. Simulation studies have proved that the system could sustain a load voltage of about 62 kV, and the system would be fault resistant and could recover fast with a load disturbance. Harmonic analysis: The value of the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 6.5 per cent at no load and 4.7 per cent at nominal load, with the third harmonics as the most important factor. This method has the advantage as compared to other means of power supply to remote regions, where expansion of the HV transmission network is not needed, and the method is a low-cost and low-maintenance method that can be implemented quickly.

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Sustainable Grid Integration of PV Systems using Dual-Phase Boost Converter and Intelligent MPPT Techniques

The increasing demand for energy and environmental concerns necessitate the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), particularly Photovoltaic (PV) systems, into modern power grids. This paper presents an efficient grid connected PV system utilizing a dual-phase Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) and an intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach based on Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). To enhance the controller's performance, optimization algorithms Class Topper Optimization (CTO), Falcon Optimization Algorithm (FOA), and Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm (POA) are employed. The dual phase IBC ensures reduced ripple, improved voltage gain, and stable power conversion. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed system achieves 94% efficiency, 0.95% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and a maximum MPPT tracking efficiency of 97.05% using the POA-ANFIS controller.

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Adaptive Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks: A Dynamic Optimization Framework

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), sensor nodes with limited resources must manage energy consumption and network efficiency. This work proposes an AM-DRL framework that adjusts transmission power, duty cycling, and clustering methods in response to real-time network conditions. Our methodology implements Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) to allow distributed decision-making by individual sensor nodes, which improves network lifetime while ensuring QoS parameters such as latency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput are met. The framework steers learning on the path of the energy-efficient decisions by introducing a novel hybrid reward function that accounts for energy expenditure, network topology, and data garnered. Transfer learning allows the model to be applied to different WSN configurations with minimal retraining efforts. AM-DRL outperformed other tested methods at saving energy and enhancing network lifetime and data transmission, during extensive simulations and real-world trials, proving more efficient than energy-saving approaches using reinforcement learning, and clustering. This paper provides scalable and intelligent WSN energy optimization solutions for industrial IoT, environmental monitoring, and smart city infrastructure.

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A Hybrid Reliable Five-Level Fault-Tolerant Inverter for Renewable Energy Sources

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), sensor nodes with limited resources must manage energy consumption and network efficiency. This work proposes an AM-DRL framework that adjusts transmission power, duty cycling, and clustering methods in response to real-time network conditions. Our methodology implements Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) to allow distributed decision-making by individual sensor nodes, which improves network lifetime while ensuring QoS parameters such as latency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput are met. The framework steers learning on the path of the energy-efficient decisions by introducing a novel hybrid reward function that accounts for energy expenditure, network topology, and data garnered. Transfer learning allows the model to be applied to different WSN configurations with minimal retraining efforts. AM-DRL outperformed other tested methods at saving energy and enhancing network lifetime and data transmission, during extensive simulations and real-world trials, proving more efficient than energy-saving approaches using reinforcement learning, and clustering. This paper provides scalable and intelligent WSN energy optimization solutions for industrial IoT, environmental monitoring, and smart city infrastructure.

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Real-Time Oil Spill Detection with YOLO Framework for Marine Ecosystem Surveillance

Early detection of oil spills is crucial and essential for marine environments to minimize environmental harm and enable quick responsive measures. Oil spills can cause significant ecological and financial losses, which emphasizes the need for an efficient monitoring system. This paper presents the use of YOLO deep learning algorithms to enhance the oil spill detection speed and accuracy. A robust and high-quality dataset is taken, consisting of images extracted from Roboflow. To maximize the data quality, preprocessing techniques such as label normalization, contrast enhancement and noise reduction were used. The proposed YOLO algorithms were trained using Adam and SGDM optimizers with an initial learning rate of 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001. Among the adopted YOLO models, YOLOv9 yielded impressive results with an mAP@0.5 of 94.45%, precision of 95.6%, recall of 93.3% and F1 Score of 94.44%. The recommended system, which incorporates deep learning technologies into marine environment monitoring, greatly improves the marine surveillance systems for oil spill detection and emergency response capabilities by enabling real-time monitoring.

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Frequency Regulation in an Autonomous Microgrid Using BES based Multistage PID Control Approach

The variability in output power from renewable energy sources (RES), load and system disturbances in autonomous microgrid (MG) can lead to significant frequency deviations. Traditional PID controllers often struggle to perform adequately under these challenging conditions. To address these issues, this paper recommends a multistage PID (MSPID) controller designed explicitly for microgrid frequency management. The parameters of this controller are optimized using a Bald Eagle Search (BES) algorithm. The controller is rigorously tested on an autonomous hybrid microgrid, considering various parametric and systemic disturbances. The results demonstrate notable improvements in error reduction, settling time, and overshoot, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared to multilevel PID(MLPID) and traditional PID controllers found in existing literature.

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A Compact S-Shaped Patch Antenna for ISM-Band Wireless Communications Applications

The evolution of wireless communication systems has intensified the demand for compact, efficient antennas tailored to specific applications. This research introduces an S-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication, emphasizing its compactness and operational efficiency. The antenna designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software, achieves a gain of 1.75 dBi, 95% radiation efficiency, an operational bandwidth of 200 MHz (2.37 GHz to 2.57 GHz), and an excellent impedance matching with compact dimensions of 29 mm × 20 mm optimized to achieve resonance within the desired frequency of 2.45 GHz and make the antenna suitable for space-constrained environments. Detailed analysis of return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and radiation characteristics are presented. The antenna is fabricated, and the simulated results were verified by practical measurements of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The measured resonance frequency and return loss proved the appropriateness of the antenna to the desired ISM band of 2.45 GHz. Though some minor deviations were noted between the simulated and practical performance. Comparative results with recent antenna designs highlight the proposed S-shaped antenna's performance and potential for specific applications in constrained environments requiring highly efficient narrowband antennas.

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Investigating a Broadband Microstrip Patch Antenna that Demonstrates Enhanced Bandwidth for 5G-Based Applications

This paper presents a dual-fed approach to the design of a wide bandwidth microstrip patch antenna (MPA) of patch dimensions (l × w = 42 mm × 37 mm) and substrate dimensions (l × w × h = 100 mm × 100 mm × 3.14 mm); featuring two symmetrically inverted U-slots of dimensions (l × w × h = 25.62 mm × 15.5 mm × 2 mm) and two coaxial probes (7 mm each) adjacent to each slot. The substrate material utilized is Rogers-RT/duroid-5880, exhibits a dielectric constant of 2.2, makes it extremely efficient in reducing lossy nature of generated output parameters. The antenna demonstrates broad -10 dB impedance bandwidth ≈ 44% from 2.55 GHz - 3.85 GHz centered at a frequency of 3 GHz within the S band (2-4 GHz) region. A radiation intensity of 12 dB is observed alongside impeccable efficiency of 99.98%.

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Optimized D2D Mode Selection in H-CRANs Using Asynchronous Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning with Federated Averaging

In the context of heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (H-CRANs), there's a growing challenge in achieving efficient resource allocation due to the surge in data and complexities related to asynchrony in federated learning frameworks. This research presents an innovative methodology that blends federated averaging with asynchronous federated deep reinforcement learning (AF-DRL). By enabling individual agents to interact with distinct environments and subsequently adjust policy parameters, local updates are consolidated at a central point to generate a global update.

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Remaining Useful Life Prediction of EV Lithium-Ion Batteries Using TG-AMF Enhanced MTS-BiLSTM Optimized with Walrus Algorithm

Predictive maintenance is essential to industrial operations, especially in lithium-ion battery systems. Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL) prediction is the most accurate means of maintaining optimal performance and avoiding unexpected failure in these systems. Noisy sensor data and complex degradation patterns, however, make the task complex and require sophisticated techniques for proper analysis and forecasting. Hence, this manuscript proposes an optimized Electric Vehicle (EV) lithium-ion battery RUL prediction using a multi-time scale bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (MTS-BiLSTM) Network. Initially, input data is taken from the Remaining Useful Lifetime Prediction Dataset available on Kaggle, containing sensor readings and operational parameters for systems under degradation. It uses the trimmed global adaptive mean filter approach (TG-AMF), which enhances input data quality by removing general noise and preserving the essential feature points related to degradation patterns. A novel MTS-BiLSTM network approach is proposed for predicting RUL by capturing both Proximal correlations and Delayed dependencies in data to model trends accurately. Hyperparameters of the proposed model are optimized via the Walrus Optimizer (WO), which improves prediction and computation overhead. The robustness of the proposed framework is analyzed through benchmarking with performance metrics coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), prediction horizon accuracy (PHA), and computation time (CT). The overall PHA of 98%, MAE of 17.04, MAPE of 8.63, CT of 7.57s, and RMSE of 5.83 are obtained by the proposed method of forecasting the battery RUL for EVs

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Optimizing Beamforming in Massive MIMO Systems Using Machine Learning Approaches: A Comprehensive Review

The development of the Massive Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in recent years has revolutionized wireless communication, delivering significant benefits to energy and spectrum efficiency. While these strategies have been instrumental in the continuous evolution of system performance, traditional static beamforming methods (e.g. Zero-Forcing (ZF), Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)) are limited concerning their scalability and reliability on channel state information to a large extent. In this paper, we investigate the techniques of beamforming with machine learning (ML) integration to bypass these limitations and better optimize system performance. This review covers the usage of different approaches to Machine Learning: supervised learning methods (including Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines (SVM). We also study reinforcement learning techniques due to their dynamic optimization features, as well as deep-learning models like Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks (RNN/CNN), which are popular for treating big data or temporal dynamics. Our analysis shows several key findings: ML-based methods are effective in improving the performance of beamforming, including enhancing spectral efficiency and reducing energy consumption as well as their robustness with respect to channel state information (CSI) errors. Finally, we conclude by identifying how potential emerging trends such as federated learning and quantum computing can be positioned to overcome these challenges in the future direction of ML-optimized beamforming for massive MIMO systems.

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Adaptive Speed Control of BLDC Motors Based on Fuzzy Inference System Using a PWM Strategy for Electric Vehicles

Along with the development of increasingly advanced technology, innovations continue to develop, one of which is in the field of transportation. In line with the rapid advancement of technology, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention due to their environmental and performance advantages. Among the EV components, the Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor stands out due to its high efficiency and minimal maintenance. This paper proposes a speed control system for BLDC motors based on the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The system was evaluated through acceleration, deceleration, and energy efficiency tests over a 2400-meter track. Results indicate that the FIS-based controller achieved smoother speed transitions and higher energy efficiency (380.95 km/kWh) compared to open-loop control (358.2 km/kWh). These findings suggest that FIS can enhance the performance and reliability of electric vehicle drivetrains.

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Mitigating in Band Overshoot in Digital High-Pass Filters: Design and Analysis of Bessel and Gaussian Filters for Maximally Flat Step Response

Digital high-pass filters play an important role in transcending the low-frequency noise to maintain the signal integrity in several modern applications of communication systems. The most important distinction between them is the attempt to obtain a flat step response and a minimum of distortion in the amplitude-frequency response (AFR). The trade-off between flat step response and the minimum amplitude-frequency response distortion in IIR high-pass filters generated by bilinear transformations of Bessel and Gaussian low-pass prototypes is explored in this paper. The proposed design uses a parallel structure, subtracting the amplitude-frequency response of the low-pass filter from the direct pass AFR to eliminate step response overshoot without sacrificing time-domain flatness. Filter performance is validated and overshoot behavior quantified using numerical evaluations performed in the Mathcad environment. Comparison of various filter orders in parallel and stage-by-stage connections shows that Gaussian-based HPFs have minimal negative step overshoot (as low as –0.002%) compared to Bessel-based filters (e.g., –0.37% for 8th order). However, AFR overshoot increases with order (72% for Gaussian, 78% for Bessel). The parallel scheme reduces the AFR overshoot by up to 30% over the conventional schemes without degradation in transient response and results in robust low-distortion filters in real-time detection applications.

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Design of Sliding Mode Controller Combined with Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Trajectory Tracking of Mobile Robots in Mixed Terrain

Accurate trajectory tracking is a fundamental yet challenging requirement for mobile robots, especially when operating on surfaces with varying frictional characteristics (mixed terrain) and subjected to external disturbances as well as model uncertainties. This study presents the design and evaluation of an integrated control strategy aimed at enhancing trajectory tracking performance under these demanding conditions. A Sliding Mode Controller (SMC), known for robustness but prone to chattering, was integrated with a Nonlinear Disturbance Observer (NDO). The NDO was designed to estimate lumped disturbances encompassing varying friction, model errors, and other external disturbances; this estimate was then used for compensation within the SMC control law to reduce the switching component's amplitude. The effectiveness of the proposed SMC-NDO method was verified through simulations on a mobile robot model following a reference trajectory in a simulated mixed terrain environment under various disturbance conditions. Simulation results showed that the proposed SMC-NDO controller significantly improves trajectory tracking accuracy and reduces chattering compared to the traditional SMC controller and a PID controller. The integration of the NDO with SMC proves to be an effective approach for improving mobile robot trajectory tracking, enhancing accuracy and robustness while mitigating chattering in challenging environments with varying terrain and disturbances.

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Optimal Frequency Control of Multi Area Power System Under Restructured Environment

This paper presents the intend of a Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) controller for addressing the Load Frequency Control (LFC) issue in a multi-area restructured electric power system. The recommended TID controller configurations are refined by means of a narrative methodology known as the Hunger Games Search (HGS) algorithm. A multi-area electric power system including different producing units is worn to assess the efficacy of the anticipated TID controller based on HGS. The effectiveness of HGS's optimization has been confirmed to surpass that of other prominent optimization techniques, such as the Slime Mould and Artificial Gorilla Troop algorithms. The simulation outcome demonstrates that the anticipated TID controller using HGS markedly improves system frequency constancy underneath diverse load interruption scenarios.

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Chest X-ray Abnormality Detection Using Convolutional AutoEncoder Combined with Double Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)

The statistical properties of aberrant samples are unstable, and traditional chest X-ray image data is difficult to gather and unevenly distributed. A CAE-D-GAN anomaly detection model based on dual GANs and convolutional autoencoders is proposed in this paper. We employ the DGAN module to obtain clear degraded images, the convolutional autoencoder to extract low-dimensional features from high-dimensional data, and the DDGAN module to learn how to degrade images and recover clearer images from degraded photos during the adversarial process. While the reconstruction error score identifies sample flaws, the network is optimized by the error loss between the original and reconstructed samples. The network just needs normal samples to be trained, and it can reach a maximum AUROC value of 0.86. The findings demonstrate that the CAE-D-GAN model outperforms a number of different anomaly detection models in terms of detection effects and feature reconstruction capabilities. There are special opportunities for using this approach to detect other anomalies in medical images.

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Unbalanced Voltage Enhancement based on STATCOM for Distribution Network Integrated with Renewable Energy

STATCOM is a reactive shunt compensator belonging to the FACTS family. STATCOM is often used for voltage enhancement, power factor correction, and harmonics mitigation. The controller adjusts the injecting voltage to achieve the required compensation. This paper offers a Neuro-Fuzzy controller based on STATCOM to improve the unbalanced voltage in the distribution network. The paper shows the ability of the STATCOM to reduce the multiple effects of unbalanced voltage and dynamic loads together. The results show the ability of the new proposal to manage the load voltage up to 95% of the minimum value.

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A Novel Approach to Reduce Storage Demand with the Use of Electrical Spring

This work investigates the use of electrical springs (ES) to reduce energy storage requirements in modern power networks. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources has introduced greater unpredictability in power supply, necessitating advanced energy storage solutions. Electrical springs, with their real-time voltage and power control capabilities, present a promising alternative. This study explores the concepts and control design of electrical springs to demonstrate their potential for significantly reducing the required capacity of energy storage devices. Through theoretical analysis, modeling studies, and practical validation, this work shows that electrical springs can effectively balance power supply and demand, stabilize grid voltage, and reduce reliance on energy storage. The proposed control mechanisms for electrical springs are evaluated under various operating scenarios for their reliability and adaptability. Our results indicate that deploying electrical springs can lead to substantial cost savings and enhanced power system stability, thereby supporting more efficient integration of renewable energy sources.

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Performance Enhancement of the Radial Distribution System Through Simultaneous Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Placement

Energy loss in distribution networks significantly impacts system efficiency and operational costs. This work focuses on minimizing power losses and improving voltage profiles in an IEEE 33-bus system using a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based reconfiguration and DG placement. The GA optimally places Distributed Generators (DGs) and reconfigures switches to achieve loss minimization while ensuring voltage stability. Power flow analysis is conducted using the Forward-Backward Sweep method which is introduced for better system analysis. The proposed method establishes an intelligent framework for modern power distribution optimization. A mathematical model is formulated to define power loss minimization and voltage constraints, ensuring network reliability. The Forward-Backward Sweep power flow method is employed to analyse voltage variations and system losses, while a state-space representation is introduced to model the system dynamics. The proposed GA-based approach iteratively enhances network performance by optimizing DG placement and switch configurations simultaneously, leading to better efficiency in power distribution. Results demonstrate that GA significantly reduces losses and enhances voltage profiles compared to conventional techniques.

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Minimization of Transmission Congestion Cost using P-OPF based LSF, PSO and ANN Techniques

The inclusion of renewable energy sources (RES) into a stabilized network has opened gates to numerous optimization problems. Optimization of RES generation might not imply merely the myth of high availability but it is furthermore fenced by parameters such as transmission line power flow patterns, having the optimized location, bus nodal pricing (LMP), congestion scenario, congestion cost and reliability margins of the system (ATC,TRM). Integration of RES also drags towards the congestion episode within the transmission system. The uncertain behavior of renewable energy initiates uncertainty into the system from generation perspective. These uncertainties lead to congestion which alters the linear sensitivity factors (LSF), LMP and reliability margins of the network. The congestion scenario may jeopardize the security of transmission network hampering the limits of transmission lines. The change in marginal values reflects the occurrence of congestion with additional congestion cost. Different optimization tools have been introduced in order to optimize various objectives like optimization of generation, rescheduling generators, load curtailment etc. In this work we have presented optimization of congestion cost (i.e. Congestion Management in terms of economics) post inclusion of uncertain RES (here wind and solar source are considered) into the system. The optimization problem is resolved using Probability Optimal Power Flow (P-OPF) based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique in MATLAB-MATPOWER software with Area Based Congestion Management (ABCM).

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Performance and Security Impacts of Blackhole Attacks on RPL-based IoT Networks for IoMT Applications

Blackhole attacks stance a substantial menace to Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)- based Internet of Things (IoT) networks. This study investigates the impact of such attacks on key performance metrics, including power consumption and Directed Acyclic Graph Identification Object (DIO) packet delivery. Using the Contiki and Cooja simulators, we analyze the effects of scenario-based blackhole attacks under various conditions. Our findings show that blackhole attacks lead to significant increases in CPU and radio energy consumption, with CPU utilization rising by 15-20% and radio listen energy increasing by 20-25%, while idle power consumption remains unchanged. These results highlight network vulnerabilities and inform the design of more resilient, trust-centric IoT networks, particularly for critical applications like remote healthcare monitoring.

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Selective Brain MR Image Compression Through Wavelet Optimization and Enhanced Convolutional Neural Network Model

Tele-healthcare systems must store and transmit the digital data created by the various imaging modalities. For efficient handling of these data, compression techniques that provide a greater compression ratio with notable image quality are needed. This research proposes a selective image compression technique for brain MR images leveraging the energy compaction property of the wavelet coefficients and the feature extraction and learning capabilities of CNN. The procured images undergo a hybrid filter to eradicate the possible noise in the image. The Fuzzy C-Means technique optimized using the Greywolf optimization algorithm is used to segment the clinically relevant region from the rest of the MR image. Clinically significant areas are compressed using optimized zerotree wavelet transform to ensure the reconstructed image quality. The background information is compressed using enhanced CNN models to achieve a greater compression ratio. The algorithm put forward is implemented using MATLAB 2021a, and the algorithm completion is evaluated using the BRATS 2018 brain MR image dataset. The evaluation metrics show a commendable performance over the analyzed compression techniques with a PSNR of 42.11dB, CR-29.3, and MSE of 14.37.

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A Smart AI-Based System for Emergency Vehicle Prioritization in Urban Traffic

Prioritizing and taking the necessary procedures to ensure human safety is critical. One of the many challenges we face in modern life is the increased risk of traffic congestion. Congestion on the streets may be problematic in large cities, especially for emergency vehicles such as fire engines and ambulances. Traffic delays are caused by a range of factors, including the weather, the time of day, the season, and unexpected occurrences such as accidents or construction projects. This creates delays in responding to emergencies, which leads to several deaths. A traffic control system limits the number of cars that can pass on a route without colliding with or impeding traffic flow. To minimize traffic congestion, a busier lane requires a longer green light than others. Systems with large traffic volumes require an adaptive system with traffic density control capabilities. A generic traffic control system may struggle to distinguish between emergencies and high-priority scenarios. This project proposes an intelligent traffic control system that prioritizes emergency vehicles utilizing artificial intelligence and image processing to address this issue. This allows these automobiles to drive through busy regions of traffic without stopping. The ESP32-CAM used in this project captures images of vehicles and then uses AI and an image processing-based model to detect emergency vehicles (Ambulances). If it identifies the presence of any emergency vehicle, the corresponding lane will be cleared till the vehicle passes the signal point. After the emergency vehicles pass the road, the system will return to normal mode.

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Energy-Efficient Wireless Power Transfer System for IoT Devices

Low energy efficiency, misalignment-induced energy loss, limited range, and sensitivity to external variables describe Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Traditional methods include inductive and RF-based WPT with uneven power distribution in dynamic environments and proximity restrictions. The proposed system dynamically changes transmission parameters and combines adaptive resonance tuning and beamforming to improve energy economy, range, and stability using machine learning (ML) for real-time adaptation. Simulation and experimental results reveal considerable increases in power transmission efficiency with the proposed system obtaining up to 95% efficiency at 1 meter compared to 82% and 88% in the existing systems. Energy loss at 1 meter is 0.15 W; at 7 meters, stability gains from just an 8% fluctuation in power output. The results provide a feasible substitute for sustainable wireless power transfer and prove the brilliance of the proposed system in long-range and dynamic IoT applications.

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PRc-PID with Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm (TLBO) Based UPQC to Improve Power Quality in Standalone Microgrid

Isolated microgrids (MG) have become increasingly popular due to their enhanced adaptability in addressing customer needs, but pollution has also increased as a result. When integrating renewable energy sources with different loads, the MG will experience increased power quality (PQ) issues. Reducing MG's PQ problems is the main objective of this paper. PQ problems can be resolved with the help of the system's Unified PQ Conditioner (UPQC) device. UPQC performance is improved by integrating PRc-PID with a Teaching Learning Optimization Algorithm-based controller in series with a shunt active power filter to lessen current and voltage PQ issues. Solar cells and wind turbines are all proposed for a separate MG.

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SAM-CLIP Search: Faster Region-Based Image Similarity Matching Using Lightweight Segmentation & Contrastive Learning

Imagine a designer browsing through an enormous image database for photos that contain both "a chair and a table" or a wildlife scientist attempting to find all photos of "brown bears near water." Locating such specific combinations manually is too time-consuming and cumbersome. To address this issue. This system SAM-CLIP Search is an area-based vision-language image search platform that incorporates CLIP and vision-language embeddings into the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to offer flexible prompt-based segmentation. Our approach makes precise picture search with point, box, or text prompts feasible compared to typical CBIR approaches, which often struggle with multi-object queries as well as cross-modal alignment.

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Minimization of Transmission Congestion Cost using P-OPF based LSF, PSO, and ANN Techniques

The inclusion of renewable energy sources (RES) into a stabilized network has opened gates to numerous optimization problems. Optimization of RES generation might not imply merely the myth of high availability, but it is furthermore fenced by parameters such as transmission line power flow patterns, having the optimized location, bus nodal pricing (LMP), congestion scenario, congestion cost and reliability margins of the system (ATC, TRM). Integration of RES also drags towards the congestion episode within the transmission system. The uncertain behavior of renewable energy initiates uncertainty into the system from generation perspective. These uncertainties lead to congestion which alters the linear sensitivity factors (LSF), LMP and reliability margins of the network.

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Design and Simulation of a Quaternary Logic Gate Using a Universal Spatial Wavefunction Switched Field-Effect Transistor NOR Gate

In Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) design, minimizing area and optimizing device performance have become paramount as traditional MOSFET scaling approaches fundamental limits. Energy efficiency is now a primary goal due to MOSFET scaling challenges. Multi-valued logic (MVL), such as quaternary (2-bit) logic, offers a potential solution by increasing information density and reducing interconnect complexity. However, implementing four discrete voltage levels in quaternary logic requires novel device technologies. This work explores Spatial Wavefunction Switched FET (SWS-FET) devices – quantum well transistors enabling multi-state carrier transport – as a size- and power-efficient platform for quaternary logic. We present the development of complementary n-channel and p-channel SWS-FETs to encode the four logic states (00, 01, 10, 11)

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Voltage Profile Enhancement of Radial Distribution System by Genetic Algorithm in ETAP

Compensation for reactive power is provided, and the use of capacitor banks reduces both active and reactive power losses in distribution systems. In the power system, the capacitor also helps control the voltage and power factor. The genetic algorithm (GA) to the stage finds appropriate OPC. The voltage profiles of the system have improved as a result. The number of capacitors at minimum load has been determined for the candidate buses for optimal capacitor bank placements. To assess the sensitivity of compensating power losses, the calculation of optimal capacitor placement is done at peak load.

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A Cross Layer Aware Hybrid Routing Algorithm Using Federated Q-Learning and Ant Colony Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

Efficient routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) remains challenging due to energy constraints, link instability, and dynamic topologies. While machine learning and bio-inspired methods offer improvements, many existing protocols struggle with scalability, computational demands, and limited consideration of critical QoS metrics like delay, PDR, and network lifetime. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces Fed-QL-ACO-X, a hybrid routing protocol combining Federated Q-Learning (FQL) for decentralized learning, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for adaptive path selection, and cross-layer awareness using MAC and PHY layer metrics.

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Design, Stage-Wise Power Loss Evaluation and Real-Time Validation of Totem-Pole Bridgeless Boost Converter Against DBR–Boost PFC Topology

Conventional AC–DC power factor correction (PFC) systems typically employ a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) followed by a boost converter, resulting in significant conduction losses due to multiple semiconductor paths. This paper presents a comprehensive design, modeling, and comparative loss analysis of a Totem-Pole Bridgeless Boost Converter (TPBBC) as an efficient alternative to the DBR–Boost configuration. The proposed topology eliminates the front-end diode bridge, reducing conduction and switching losses while improving efficiency and power quality.

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Approximate Computing Using Voltage Over Scaling Technique for Image Compression

Approximate computing has extensively been adopted as a fault-tolerant method to achieve energy-efficient designs in image processing. This paper introduces a novel, integrated approximate approach for implementing runtime-based voltage over scaling (VOS) at both the circuit and algorithmic levels, specifically for approximate discrete cosine transform (ADCT) and zigzag low-complexity approximate DCT (ZLCADCT) in image compression. In the proposed VOS scheme, the supply voltage of exact and approximate adder cells is reduced below the nominal level, causing the output delay to surpass the worst-case delay and generating errors in addition, while lowering energy consumption.

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Low-Power 12T SRAM Design Using 18 nm FinFET Technology

This paper presents a low-power and high-stability 12T SRAM cell designed using 18nm FinFET technologies and compared with conventional 6T, 8T, and 10T architectures. The proposed design employs read-path isolation, stacked transistors, and a leakage-controlled sleep mechanism to minimize dynamic and static power while improving read/write stability. Simulations were carried out in Cadence Virtuoso using PTM BSIM-CMG models under varied PVT conditions (0.8–1.0 V, –25 °C to 50 °C). The results show significant enhancements in performance metrics, achieving read SNM of 205 mV, hold SNM of 245 mV, and read/write delays of 52ps and 61ps, respectively.

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Hybrid CNN-BiLSTM Autoencoder for Anomaly Detection in Remote Photoplethysmography(rPPG) Signals

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is becoming increasingly popular as a non-contact method for tracking physiological parameters like heart rate and respiration rate. However, the accuracy of rPPG signals is often compromised by various factors, including movement, lighting variations, and sensor noise. These challenges can severely impact signal quality, leading to unreliable measurements and hindering the practical application of rPPG-based systems. In this research, we introduced and assessed the effectiveness of a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) Autoencoder model specifically designed for reliable anomaly detection in rPPG time-series data.

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Comparative Deep Learning for RGB-Based PV Surface Fault Classification Using ResNet50 and EfficientNetB0 with Real-Time Deployment

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly vital to global energy transitions but remain vulnerable to surface anomalies such as dust, snow, bird droppings, and physical or electrical damage—that significantly reduce power yield and long-term reliability. Manual inspection is inefficient for large-scale solar farms, motivating the development of intelligent and automated fault detection systems. This study introduces a reproducible comparative deep-learning framework that systematically benchmarks four convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures ResNet50, EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV3Small, and DenseNet121 under identical preprocessing, training, and validation settings.

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Design and Simulation of a Standalone Solar Photovoltaic System for Water Pumping Using Induction Motor Drive

The rising demand for sustainable energy in off-grid regions has propelled the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for water pumping, particularly for irrigation. This study investigates the design and simulation of a standalone PV-powered water pumping system employing a three-phase induction motor (IM) for remote applications. The research aims to optimize energy extraction and ensure system stability under varying solar irradiance. The methodology utilizes MATLAB/Simulink to model the system, integrating a Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, a DC-DC boost converter, and a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) to drive the IM.

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Fundamental Frequency Extraction by Utilizing the Combination of Spectrum in Noisy Speech

Speech is the audible acoustic signal generated by the articulatory system (lungs, vocal folds, vocal tract, tongue, lips) to communicate language. The fundamental frequency (F_0) is the lowest frequency component of a speech waveform and corresponds to the vibration rate of the vocal folds during voiced speech. It also determines the pitch of the speaker’s voice. In speech signal processing, this acoustic waveform is captured and analyzed to extract information about what is being said, how it is being said and who is saying it. In various speech processing applications such as voice synthesis, speaker recognition and emotion analysis accurate extraction of the fundamental frequency (F_0) is a vital task.

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Cascaded Segmentation-Classification Framework Optimized for Sports Action Recognition Using Still Images: A Comparative Analysis of PSO and Grid Search

The conventional method of evaluating human actions and activities requires integrating complex hardware and interpretation systems. This article proposes using a hybrid segmentation-classification system to recognize human sports action automatically based on still frames. This study tested the proposed framework on a public dataset containing images of humans performing three athletic actions: dancing, performing martial arts, and playing net sports. This framework combined a two-stage U-Net and EfficientNet-B0, and GoogleNet, and is optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grid search for cascaded segmentation and classification problems. Results indicated that PSO improves segmentation and classification accuracies by 5 % and 60 %, respectively, compared to the conventional grid search.

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Compact Dual-Band E-Shape Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications

The continuous demand of sending/receiving various multimedia leads to develop 5G communications services. The 5G services requires wide bandwidth, higher speed with less time delay and all that need to use higher frequency waves that are millimeter waves. To achieve these requirements investigated a dual-band E-shape patch antenna designed on the defected ground structure (DGS) layer for 28.4/36 GHz frequency bands that are available to 5G applications. The resulted response of this antenna gives reflection factor (return loss S11) in depth of -20/-25.3dB for lower and upper frequency bands respectively.

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Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking from PV System for an Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive with MPC-SVM Modulation

This paper presents a novel control framework integrating the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems driving an Open-End Winding Induction Motor (OEWIM) using a Model Predictive Control–Space Vector Modulation (MPC–SVM) strategy. The BWO algorithm, inspired by the intelligent hunting behaviour of beluga whales, is employed to dynamically extract the global maximum power point under varying irradiance and temperature conditions, enhancing PV efficiency.

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An Effective Dual-Band Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) System using Transmission Line Equivalents for Medical Implants

There has been a pressing need for wireless power transfer due to its numerous applications, including integrated or embedded systems used in various fields, such as sensors and mobile devices, as well as medical devices implanted inside the human body. Traditional transmission methods have drawbacks in terms of protection and safety when used directly on the human body, as well as the requirement for continuous operation within the body. Therefore, wireless power transfer methods have emerged as a safe and reliable alternative, especially for medical implants. Several methods and techniques have been developed, initially operating on a single frequency.

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GA-Optimized FACT-SMES Coordination and APF Selection for Enhanced AGC Stability in Deregulated Hybrid Power Systems

This research investigates the enhancement of frequency stability in a hybrid power system operating under deregulated conditions. The study integrates Flexible AC Transmission System (FACT) devices including SSSC, UPFC, TCPS, and TCSC with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units, optimized using Genetic Algorithms (GA). PID and PIDF controllers are employed for frequency regulation, and their performance is evaluated through various case studies. Results demonstrate that the combination of FACT devices with SMES, tuned via GA, significantly improves dynamic response, reducing settling time and peak overshoot.

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Evaluating Reservoir Spiking Neural Network Configurations for Accurate Battery State-of-Health Prediction

Accurate prediction of battery State-of-Health (SoH) is crucial for ensuring safety, reliability, and longevity in energy storage systems. This study evaluates the utilization of Reservoir Spiking Neural Networks (RSNN) for battery SoH prediction, focusing on how network configuration affects prediction performance. Various RSNN architectures are analyzed by varying reservoir neuron number, connection density, inhibitory ratio, time step window, and readout network configuration. The findings show that a simple RSNN structure is sufficient to achieve high prediction accuracy, provided that the network is carefully configured to produce diversity in the spike count patterns within the reservoir layer.

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Multi-Model Deep Feature Fusion for Robust Detection of Neuro-Oncological Abnormalities

Accurate and early diagnosis of brain tumors can significantly reduce both the invasiveness and cost of therapeutic interventions while preserving neurological function. Current limitations in manual MRI analysis, including human error, variability in expertise, and interpretive inconsistencies, have created a pressing need for advanced diagnostic systems based on artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques. This study presents a hybrid transfer learning approach designed to enhance the detection of neuro-oncological abnormalities. Our methodology employs parallel processing of MRI images through pre-trained DenseNet121 and VGG16 architectures to extract discriminative numerical features.

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Improving Monocular Distance Estimation in Complex Traffic Scenarios

With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, real-time ranging of preceding vehicles has become a critical component to ensure driving safety. Although monocular vision-based ranging methods offer advantages of low cost and easy deployment, they still suffer from limited accuracy in long-distance targets, small objects, and complex traffic scenarios. To address these challenges, this paper improves the classic Smoke monocular 3D detection model by introducing a multi-scale feature enhancement module and a dynamic Gaussian heatmap generation mechanism, which effectively strengthen feature representation and stabilize depth estimation.

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Handling Class Imbalance in Video-Based Pain Intensity Estimation Using ResNetBiLSTM: A Study on Loss Functions and Optimizers

Accurate pain intensity recognition is vital for improving clinical care, especially in scenarios where patients cannot self-report. However, although existing datasets are often imbalanced, the main challenge is that current optimization and loss functions lack sensitivity to minority classes, adapt poorly to intra-class variability, and are less robust under imbalance, leading to biased recognition performance. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid deep learning model based on ResNet-50 and BiLSTM to capture both spatial and temporal features from facial expression videos while incorporating strategies to mitigate the imbalance issue.

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Reactive Power Compensation and DC link Voltage Control using Fuzzy-PI with DSOGI-PLL on Grid-connected PV based D-STATCOM

The large-scale integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation introduces critical challenges for power systems, including voltage stability issues and increasing requirements for reactive power compensation. To address these challenges, PV inverters can be operated as Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOM) to simultaneously supply active power and provide ancillary reactive power support. This paper proposes a control strategy for grid-connected PV-based D-STATCOM systems that incorporates a Fuzzy-PI controller for DC-link voltage regulation and a Dual Second-Order Generalized Integrator Phase-Locked Loop (DSOGI-PLL) for accurate phase angle detection.

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A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Heart Rate Monitoring through Combined Convolutional and Generative Networks Using Facial Videos

This research presents a deep learning-based architecture that uses facial video-extracted remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) to non-invasively estimate heart rates. The proposed system addresses limitations in signal fidelity and scalability by integrating a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) to enhance the quality of raw rPPG waveforms and a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for regression-based prediction of heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). Unlike traditional single-stream models, our framework supports concurrent processing of facial video streams, improving computational efficiency and applicability in real-time, multi-subject environments.

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Multi-Objective Optimal Planning of DG and FACTS in Radial Distribution Systems via Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm

Optimal planning of Distributed Generation (DG) units and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices is crucial for improving the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of radial distribution networks. With increasing renewable integration and rising power system complexity, advanced optimization methods are necessary to reduce power losses, enhance voltage profiles, and ensure operational resilience. This study presents a Multi-Objective DG-FACTS Planning (MODF) approach using the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), which leverages basic arithmetic operators for effective global search and rapid convergence.

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Energy-Efficient Sub-Millisecond DWDM Backhaul for 6G Open RAN

Wavelength-aware and constraint-driven framework is presented for dense WDM optical backhaul in 6G Open RAN. The design jointly minimizes energy while enforcing explicit sub-millisecond delay bounds under non-stationary traffic and integrates cleanly with near-RT RIC control. A three-stage controller computes a feasible allocation through projected primal–dual updates then perform energy-aware wavelength pruning and finally executes latency-responsive reconfiguration on incipient violations. Evaluation across diverse topologies and bursty as well as diurnal loads shows up to 32% lower optical power than static provisioning with delays concentrated in 0.7–0.8ms and low control overhead.

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Nanophotonic-Enhanced Photoacoustic Fusion with Transformers for Brain Tumor Classification/a>

This research presents a novel diagnostic framework that integrates nanophotonic-enhanced photoacoustic imaging (PAI) with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). A lightweight convolutional encoder extracts low-level features, which are fused via a transformer-based architecture employing 3D patch embeddings and multi-head self-attention. Intermediate fusion balances modality-specific and joint representations, achieving an overall accuracy of 97.8%, sensitivity of 96.5%, and specificity of 98.1% on a cohort of 550 complete MRI–CT–PET cases augmented with 100 simulated PAI volumes.

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Design and Analysis of P&O and Fuzzy Logic MPPT Techniques with Boost Converter for PV Optimization

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) methods for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems with a boost converter. Both methods were simulated with MATLAB/Simulink, and the performance was compared on the basis of parameters such as response time, overshoot, steady-state error, and Power Extracting Efficiency for different conditions standard, Variable radiation, Partial shading, variable temperature and variable load.

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Performance Analysis of High Torque Density in Switched Reluctance Motor for Electric Transportation

In this paper, the detailed comparative study of high torque density switched reluctance motor (SRM) used in the electric transport is provided. By means of sophisticated simulation packages Motor Solve and Magnet Solve. The delivered outputs of the study models of SRM that have 3KW rating of output power, 2700 RPM rates of speed,10A rated currents and a rated torque of 10 Nm. Torque density, efficiency, and power to weight ratio are essential performance parameters that are comprehensively explored in simulation approaches. The comparison between the SRM structural design is established on the basis of performance in the challenging transportation applications.

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Improving Frequency Response in a Microgrid Integrated with PV-HESS Using an FOPI Controller Optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm

The application of modern controllers for frequency regulation in standalone microgrids has been increasingly proven feasible. Among these, the Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller with adjustable parameters has attracted considerable attention. The effectiveness of the FOPI controller is highly dependent on the proper tuning of its parameters. This paper proposes the use of the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm to determine the optimal tuning parameters, with the objective of minimizing frequency oscillations. The simulation and performance evaluation are conducted using the MATLAB/Simulink platform.

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A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for MEC Resource Allocation in 5G Networks

This paper introduces a multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based model of allocating resources in 5G MEC networks based on the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm and the hierarchical MATD3/TD2PG-based actor-critic network. The model distributes sub-channels, power of transmission and MEC computing resources with taking into account user mobility and isolation of the slices. The Python simulation is provided with a Manhattan 5G environment comprising of four interconnected gNodeBs, 5 densities of users (327, 499, 596, 930 and 1088 users), and two MEC classes of service (security and entertainment) with predefined bandwidth, memory, and processing requirements.

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Deep Learning-Driven Expiry Date Recognition on Medicine Bottles via YOLOv8 Segmentation and Multi-Stage Image Denoising

Automated expiry date recognition (EDR) on pharmaceutical packaging is essential for ensuring medicine safety and minimizing waste, but it poses challenges due to text unpredictability, environmental interference, and intricate label geometries. This study presents a comprehensive deep learning system that integrates sophisticated picture pre-processing with YOLOv8-based instance segmentation to overcome these restrictions. A curated dataset including 1,000 high-resolution photos of pharmaceutical bottles, encompassing various lighting situations, camera angles, and date formats, was assembled. The pre-processing pipeline incorporates wavelet denoising, BM3D filtering, and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) to alleviate glare and enhance low-contrast text artefacts.

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Fixed Frequency SVPWM+PI Controlled LCL Shunt Active Power Filter in dq Frame for Microgrids

This paper presents the design of simple, robust, and efficient shunt active power filter (SAPF) using a loop in loop (cascaded) PI controller and Space vector pulse width modulated synchronous reference frame (dq) controller to mitigate harmonics from a three-phase diode rectifier (nonlinear load) catering to variety of loads (R, and R-L), supplied by a microgrid (week grid) having plethora of distributed generator, exhibiting heuristic nature. The intermittent nature of DGs leads to variation in voltage and frequency, and load variation aggravates this situation further.

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Coordinated Control of Grid-Connected Solar and Wind Power for Electric Vehicle Charging and Power Quality Enhancement Using DPFC

Numerous converters enhance the flexibility and manageability of the Grid-Connected Converter (GCC) within a DC/AC microgrid, facilitating the smooth incorporation of renewable energy sources. To capitalize on the power generation from photovoltaic (PV) modules and the wind turbines MPPT technique is employed. A DC voltage regulator is used in the layer of primary control to sustain a stable voltage profile. A coordinated control strategy integrates a grid-connected solar and wind power generation system with electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, balancing AC-DC loads with the support of a battery storage system. The solar PV system incorporates a boost converter with a Circle Search MPPT algorithm to optimize power extraction.

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A Robust and Efficient Model Predictive Control for IPMSM Drive in Electric Vehicle Applications

The transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs) demands new motor control systems for enhanced efficiency and performance. Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSMs) are frequently employed in EVs due to their high-power density and operational reliability. Traditional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers generally struggle with system nonlinearities and dynamic changes. To solve these issues, Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) offers a superior alternative by directly optimizing inverter switching states, eliminating torque ripple, and boosting system robustness.

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Compact Folded T-Stub Microstrip Antenna with PIN Diode-Based Switching for Quad-Band Sub-6 GHz Wireless Systems

The article describes a miniaturized design of a microstrip patch antenna for wireless systems operating at frequencies below 6GHz. It consists of one PIN diode that can dynamically switch between two different operation modes without the need for any mechanical alterations to the radiator. The prototype was built on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ε_r = 2.2, tan δ = 0.0009). The design has a small footprint of 17 x 17 x 0.55 mm3.

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An Integrated Wavelet–Matched Filter–Adaptive Neural Network Framework for Enhanced Pulse Compression and Noise Reduction in Communication Systems

In modern communication systems, it is of great challenge to protect signal from being corrupted by heavy noise. We propose a four-stage overall integrated framework with wavelet-based denoising, matched filtering, adaptive compensation and DNN enhancement for pulse compression and de-noising in this paper. The applicability of the proposed method shows 18.5±2.1% reduction in MSE at 10 dB SNR, across both synthetic rectangular pulses and radar chirp signals as well as biomedical ECG waveforms. The statistical significance was verified with paired t-test (p < 0.001, n=100 trials). Extensive ablation analysis is carried out, showing that each step of the proposed method can lead to 3-8% performance improvement and the gain contributed by employing neural networks (i.e. processing) is most significant (7.2% MSE reduction).

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